.\" 
.\" create-native-map manual page.
.\" (C) 2006 Jonathan Pryor
.\" Author:
.\"   Jonathan Pryor (jonpryor@vt.edu)
.\"
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.TH "create-native-map" 1
.SH NAME
create-native-map \- C/C# Mapping Creator
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B create-native-map
[OPTIONS]* ASSEMBLY-FILE-NAME OUPUT-PREFIX
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.I \--autoconf-header=HEADER
.I HEADER
is a header file name in the syntax typically used with the C 
.I #include
statement, e.g.
.I "#include <stdio.h>"
or 
.I "#include ""local.h"""
\&.
.Sp
An Autoconf-formatted macro is generated from the include name, and a
.I #include
directive is wrapped within a
.I #ifdef
block for the Autoconf macro within the generated
.I .c
file.
.Sp
For example,
.I "--autoconf-header=<stdio.h>"
would generate the code:
.nf

	#ifndef HAVE_STDIO_H
	#include <stdio.h>
	#endif /* ndef HAVE_STDIO_H */

.fi
.TP
.I \--autoconf-member=MEMBER
Specify that any access to 
.I MEMBER
should be wrapped within a 
.I #ifdef HAVE_MEMBER
block.
.I MEMBER
can be either a 
.I field-name
or a 
.I class-name
\&.
.I field-name
combination.
.Sp
For example, given the C# declaration:
.nf

	[Mono.Unix.Native.Map ("struct dirent")]
	struct Dirent {
		public long d_off;
	}

.fi
then
.I "--autoconf-member=d_off"
would generate the code similar to:
.nf

	int
	ToDirent (struct dirent *from, struct Dirent *to)
	{
	#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_OFF
		to->d_off = from->d_off;
	#endif /* ndef HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_OFF */
	}

.fi
.TP
.I \--exclude-native-symbol=SYMBOL
.I SYMBOL
is a 
.I [DllImport]
-marked method that should
.I not
have a prototype generated for it.
.TP
.I \--impl-header=HEADER
Insert a 
.I #include
statement within the generated 
.I .c
file for 
.I HEADER
\&.
.Sp
For example, 
.I "--impl-header=<stdlib.h>"
generates
.nf

	#include <stdlib.h>

.fi
.TP
.I \--impl-macro=MACRO
Insert a
.I #define
statement within the generated
.I .c
file.  
.I MACRO
can contain a 
.I "="
to separate the macro name from the macro value.
.Sp
For example,
.I "--impl-macro=FOO=42"
generates
.nf

	#define FOO 42

.fi
.TP
.I \--library=LIBRARY
Create prototypes for
.I [DllImport]
-marked methods which reference the native library
.I LIBRARY
into the generated 
.I .h
file.
.TP
.I \--public-header=HEADER
Insert a 
.I #include
statement within the generated 
.I .h
file for 
.I HEADER
\&.
.Sp
For example, 
.I "--public-header=<stdlib.h>"
generates
.nf

	#include <stdlib.h>

.fi
.TP
.I \--public-macro=MACRO
Insert a
.I #define
statement within the generated
.I .h
file.  
.I MACRO
can contain a 
.I "="
to separate the macro name from the macro value.
.Sp
For example,
.I "--public-macro=FOO=42"
generates
.nf

	#define FOO 42

.fi
.TP
.I \--rename-member=FROM=TO
This is used when 
.I FROM
is a C macro, and thus must be altered in order to be used sanely.  All 
generated references to the managed representation will use 
.I TO 
instead of
.I FROM
\&.
.Sp
For example, given the C# declaration:
.nf

	[Mono.Unix.Native.Map ("struct stat")]
	struct Stat {
		public long st_atime;
	}

.fi
and the argument
.I "--rename-member=st_atime=st_atime_"
, the generated 
.I .h
file would contain:
.nf

	struct Stat {
		gint64 st_atime_;
	};

.fi
(note the altered field name), while the generated
.I .c
file would contain:
.nf

	ToStat (struct stat *from, struct Stat *to)
	{
		to->st_atime_ = from->st_atime;
	}

.fi
.TP
.I \--rename-namespace=FROM=TO
By default, the C "namespace" (symbol prefix) is the C# namespace; types 
within the C# namespace 
.I Mono.Unix.Native
would be in the C "namespace"
.I Mono_Unix_Native
\&.
Use 
.I "--rename-namespace"
to modify the default, e.g.
.I "--rename-namespace=Mono.Unix.Native=Mono_Posix"
\&.
.PP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I create-native-map
is a program for a specific scenario: keeping code which is tightly coupled
between C and C# in sync with each other, based upon the C# types.
.PP
Platform Invoke is only useful if the managed code knows the exact types
and layout of all unmanaged structures it uses.  This is usually the case
on Windows, but it is
.I not
the case on Unix.  For example,
.I "struct stat"
makes use of types with sizes that will vary from platform to platform
(or even based on the compiler macros defined!).  For example,
.I off_t
is usually a signed 32-bit integer on ILP32 platforms, but may be a
signed 64-bit integer on LP64 platforms, but may also be a 64-bit signed
integer on ILP32 platforms if the
.I "_FILE_OFFSET_BITS"
macro has the value 64.
In short, everything is flexible within Unix, and managed code can't deal
with such flexibility.
.PP
Thus, the niche for 
.I create-native-map
: assume a fixed ABI that managed code can target, and generate code to 
"thunk" the managed representations to the corresponding native representations.
This needs to be done for 
.I everything
that can vary between platforms and compiler flags, from enumeration values
(
.I SIGBUS
has the value 10 on FreeBSD but 7 on Linux) to structure members (how big is 
.I off_t
?).
.PP
.I create-native-map
will inspect 
.I ASSEMBLY-FILE-NAME
and output the following files:
.RS
.ne 8
.TP
.I OUTPUT-PREFIX.h
Contains enumeration values, class and structure declarations, 
delegate declarations, and 
.I [DllImport]
-marked methods (from the library specified by
.I \--library
) within the assembly
.I ASSEMBLY-FILE-NAME
\&.
.TP
.I OUTPUT-PREFIX.c
Contains the implementation of enumeration and structure conversion functions.
.TP
.I OUTPUT-PREFIX.cs
Contains a partial class
.I NativeConvert
containing enumeration translation methods.
.TP
.I OUTPUT-PREFIX.xml
Generates ECMA XML documentation stubs for the enumeration translation methods in
.I OUTPUT-PREFIX.cs
\&.
.ne
.RE
.PP
.I create-native-map
primarily looks for 
.I MapAttribute
-decorated types, and makes use of two 
.I MapAttribute
properties:
.RS
.ne 8
.TP
.I NativeType
Contains the corresponding C type.  Only useful if applied to classes, structures,
and fields.
.TP
.I SuppressFlags
When specified on an enumeration member of a
.I [Flags]
-decorated enumeration type, 
.I disables
the normal code generator support for bit-masking enumeration types.
.Sp
This is useful when bitmask and non-bitmask information is stored within the
same type, and bitmask checking shouldn't be used for the non-bitmask values.
Example: 
.I Mono.Unix.Native.FilePermissions.S_IFREG
, which is not a bitmask value, while most of 
.I FilePermissions
consists of bitmask values (
.I FilePermissions.S_IRUSR
, 
.I FilePermissions.S_IWUSR
, etc.).
.ne
.RE
.PP
The
.I MapAttribute
attribute can be specified on classes, structures, delegates, fields, and
enumerations.
.TP
Delegates
Code generation for delegates ignores the 
.I MapAttribute.NativeType
property, and generates a function pointer 
.I typedef
that best matches the delegate declaration into the
.I .h
file.
.Sp
For example,
.nf

	namespace Foo {
		[Map]
		delegate string MyCallback (string s);
	}

.fi
generates the 
.I typedef
:
.nf

	typedef char* (*Foo_MyCallback) (const char *s);

.fi
.TP
Classes and Structures
A 
.I [Map]
-decorated class or structure will get a C structure declaration within the
.I .h
file:
.nf

	[Map]
	struct Foo {
		public int i;
	}

.fi
becomes
.nf

	struct Foo {
		public int i;
	};

.fi
If the 
.I MapAttribute.NativeType
property is set, then conversion functions will be declared within the
.I .h
file and created within the
.I .c
file:
.nf

	namespace Foo {
		[Map ("struct stat")]
		struct Stat {
			public uint st_uid;
		}
	}

.fi
becomes
.nf

	/* The .h file */
	struct Foo_Stat {
		unsigned int st_uid;
	};
	int
	Foo_FromStat (struct Foo_Stat *from, struct stat *to);
	int
	Foo_ToStat (struct stat *to, sxtruct Foo_Stat *to);

	/* The .c file */
	int
	Foo_FromStat (struct Foo_Stat *from, struct stat *to)
	{
		memset (to, 0, sizeof(*to);
		to->st_uid = from->st_uid;
		return 0;
	}

	int
	Foo_ToStat (struct stat *to, sxtruct Foo_Stat *to)
	{
		memset (to, 0, sizeof(*to);
		to->st_uid = from->st_uid;
		return 0;
	}

.fi
For classes, the conversion functions will only copy fields declared in the class itself. Fields declared in parent classes will not be copied. (This is because
.I create-native-map
does not know how the inheritance is implemented in C. Therefore copying fields from parent classes is left to the caller of the conversion functions.)
.TP
Fields
If a field (1) has the
.I MapAttribute
attribute, and (2) has the
.I MapAttribute.NativeType
property set, then the specified native type will be used for overflow
checking.  For example:
.nf

	namespace Foo {
		[Map ("struct stat")]
		struct Stat {
			[Map ("off_t")] public long st_size;
		}
	}

.fi
generates
.nf

	/* The .h file */
	struct Foo_Stat {
		gint64 st_size;
	};
	int
	Foo_FromStat (struct Foo_Stat *from, struct stat *to);
	int
	Foo_ToStat (struct stat *to, sxtruct Foo_Stat *to);

	/* The .c file */
	int
	Foo_FromStat (struct Foo_Stat *from, struct stat *to)
	{
		_cnm_return_val_if_overflow (off_t, from->st_size, -1);

		memset (to, 0, sizeof(*to);
		to->st_size = from->st_size;
		return 0;
	}

	int
	Foo_ToStat (struct stat *to, sxtruct Foo_Stat *to)
	{
		_cnm_return_val_if_overflow (gint64, from->st_size, -1);

		memset (to, 0, sizeof(*to);
		to->st_size = from->st_size;
		return 0;
	}

.fi
This is useful for better error checking within the conversion functions.
.I MapAttribute.NativeType
is required for this as there is no other way to know what the native type is
(without parsing the system header files...).
.TP
Enumerations
Generates a C enumeration and macros for each of the members within the enumeration.
.I To
and 
.I From
functions are also declared in the 
.I .h
file and implemented in the 
.I .c
file.
.Sp
For example,
.nf

	namespace Foo {
		[Map]
		enum Errno {
			EINVAL
		}
	}

.fi
would generate the following in the 
.I .h
file:
.nf

	enum Foo_Errno {
		Foo_Errno_EINVAL          = 0,
		#define Foo_Errno_EINVAL    Foo_Errno_EINVAL
	};
	int Foo_FromErrno (int from, int *to);
	int Foo_ToErrno (int from, int *to);

.fi
and generates the following in the the
.I .c
file:
.nf

	int
	Foo_FromErrno (int from, int *to)
	{
		*to = 0;
		if (from == Foo_Errno_EPERM)
	#ifdef EINVAL 
			{*to = EINVAL;}
	#else
			{errno = EINVAL; return -1;}
	#endif
		return 0;
	}

	int
	Foo_ToErrno (int from, int *to)
	{
		*to = 0;
	#ifdef EINVAL
		if (from == EINVAL)
			{*to = Foo_Errno_EPERM; return 0;}
	#endif
		return -1;
	}

.fi
Different code will be generated if the managed enum is a 
.I [Flags]
-decorated enumeration (to account for bitwise flags), but
this is the basic idea.
.PP
.SH MAILING LISTS
Visit http://lists.ximian.com/mailman/listinfo/mono-devel-list for details.
.SH WEB SITE
Visit http://www.mono-project.com for details