Records¶

All data lines are called records, and each record contains the following 5 fields:

The field are defined as follows:

:

Every record starts with this identifier.

aaaa

The address field. A four digit (2 byte) number representing the first address to be used by this record.

cc

The byte‐count. A two digit value (1 byte), counting the actual data bytes in the record.

as

Address checksum. Covers 2 address bytes and the byte count.

dd

The actual data of this record. There can be 1 to 255 data bytes per record (see cc)

ss

Data Checksum. Covers only all the data bytes of this record.

Record Begin¶

Every record begins with a colon “:[rq] character. Records contain only ASCII characters. No spaces or tabs are allowed in a record. In fact, apart from the 1st colon, no other characters than 0..9 and A..F are allowed in a record. Interpretation of a record should be case less, it does not matter if you use a..f or A..F.

Unfortunately the colon was chosen for the Signetics file format, similar to the Intel format (see srec_intel(5) for more information). However, SRecord is able to automatically detect the dofference between the two format, when you use the -Guess format specifier.

Address Field¶

This is the address where the first data byte of the record should be stored. After storing that data byte, the address is incremented by 1 to point to the address for the next data byte of the record. And so on, until all data bytes are stored. The address is represented by a 4 digit hex number (2 bytes), with the MSD first. The order of addresses in the records of a file is not important. The file may also contain address gaps, to skip a portion of unused memory.

Byte Count¶

The byte count cc counts the actual data bytes in the current record. Usually records have 32 data bytes, but any number between 1 and 255 is possible.

A value of 0x00 for cc indicates the end of the file. In this case not even the address checksum will follow! The record (and file) are terminated immediately.

It is not recommended to send too many data bytes in a record for that may increase the transmission time in case of errors. Also avoid sending only a few data bytes per record, because the address overhead will be too heavy in comparison to the payload.

Address Checksum¶

This is not really a checksum anymore, it looks more like a CRC. The checksum can not only detect errors in the values of the bytes, but also bytes out of order can be detected.

The checksum is calculated by this algorithm:

checksum = 0
for i = 1 to 3


  checksum = checksum XOR byte


  ROL checksum
next i

This results in a very reliable checksum, and that for only 3 bytes!

The last record of the file does not contain any checksums! So the file ends right after the Byte Count of 0.

Data Field¶

The payload of the record is formed by the Data field. The number of data bytes expected is given by the Byte Count field. The last record of the file may not contain a Data field.

Data Checksum¶

This checksum uses the same algorithm as used for the Address Checksum. This time we calculate the checksum with only the data bytes of this record.

checksum = 0
for i = 1 to cc


  checksum = checksum XOR byte


  ROL checksum
next i

Size Multiplier¶

In general, binary data will expand in sized by approximately 2.4 times when represented with this format.