NAME¶

make — maintain program dependencies

SYNOPSIS¶

DESCRIPTION¶

The make utility is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs. Its input is a list of specifications describing dependency relationships between the generation of files and programs.

First of all, the initial list of specifications will be read from the system makefile, sys.mk, unless inhibited with the -r option. The standard sys.mk as shipped with FreeBSD also handles make.conf(5), the default path to which can be altered via the make variable __MAKE_CONF.

Then the first of BSDmakefile, makefile, and Makefile that can be found in the current directory, object directory (see .OBJDIR), or search path (see the -I option) will be read for the main list of dependency specifications. A different makefile or list of them can be supplied via the -f option(s). Finally, if the file .depend can be found in any of the aforesaid locations, it will also be read (see mkdep(1)).

When make searches for a makefile, its name takes precedence over its location. For instance, BSDmakefile in the object directory will be favored over Makefile in the current directory.

The options are as follows:

-A

Make archive errors non-fatal, causing make to just skip the remainder or all of the archive and continue after printing a message.

-B

Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per command and by executing the commands to make the sources of a dependency line in sequence. This is turned on by default unless -j is used.

-C directory

Change to directory before reading the makefiles or doing anything else. If multiple -C options are specified, each is interpreted relative to the previous one: -C / -C etc is equivalent to -C /etc.

-D variable

Define variable to be 1, in the global context.

-d flags

Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of make are to print debugging information. Argument flags is one or more of the following:

A

Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to specifying all of the debugging flags.

a

Print debugging information about archive searching and caching.

c

Print debugging information about conditional evaluation.

d

Print debugging information about directory searching and caching.

f

Print debugging information about the execution of for loops.

g1

Print the input graph before making anything.

g2

Print the input graph after making everything, or before exiting on error.

j

Print debugging information about running multiple shells.

l

Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not they are prefixed by @ or other "quiet" flags. Also known as "loud" behavior.

m

Print debugging information about making targets, including modification dates.

s

Print debugging information about suffix-transformation rules.

t

Print debugging information about target list maintenance.

v

Print debugging information about variable assignment.

-E variable

Specify a variable whose environment value (if any) will override macro assignments within makefiles.

-e

Specify that environment values override macro assignments within makefiles for all variables.

-f makefile

Specify a makefile to read instead of the default one. If makefile is not an absolute pathname, make will search for it as described above. In case makefile is ‘-’, standard input is read. Multiple -f options can be supplied, and the makefiles will be read in that order. Unlike the other command-line options, -f is neither stored in .MAKEFLAGS nor pushed down to sub-makes via MAKEFLAGS. See below for more details on these variables.

-I directory

Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included makefiles. Multiple -I options can be specified to form a search path. The system makefile directory (or directories, see the -m option) is automatically appended at the tail of this path.

-i

Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equivalent to specifying ‘-’ before each command line in the makefile.

-j max_jobs

Specify the maximum number of jobs that make may have running at any one time. Turns compatibility mode off, unless the -B flag is also specified.

-k

Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation caused the error.

-m directory

Specify a directory in which to search for the system makefile and makefiles included via the <...> style. Multiple -m options can be specified to form a search path. This path will override the default system include path, /usr/share/mk-freebsd. The system include path will always be appended to the search path used for "..."-style inclusions and makefile searches (see the -I option).

If a file or directory name in the -m argument (or the MAKESYSPATH environment variable) starts with the string ".../" then make will search for the specified file or directory named in the remaining part of the argument string. The search starts with the current directory of the Makefile and then works upward towards the root of the filesystem. If the search is successful, then the resulting directory replaces the ".../" specification in the -m argument. If used, this feature allows make to easily search in the current source tree for customized sys.mk files (e.g. by using ".../mk/sys.mk" as an argument). Note that a -C that are earlier on the command line affect where -m ".../" searches.

-n

Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually execute them.

-P

Collate the output of a given job and display it only when the job finishes, instead of mixing the output of parallel jobs together. This option has no effect unless -j is used too.

-p

Only print the input graph, not executing any commands. The output is the same as -d g1. When combined with -f /dev/null, only the builtin rules of make are displayed.

-Q

Be extra quiet. For multi-job makes, this will cause file banners not to be generated.

-q

Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets are up-to-date and 1, otherwise.

-r

Do not process the system makefile.

-S

Stop processing when an error is encountered. Default behaviour. This is needed to negate the -k option during recursive builds.

-s

Do not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to specifying ‘@’ before each command line in the makefile.

-t

Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile, create it or update its modification time to make it appear up-to-date.

-V variable

Print make's idea of the value of variable, in the global context. Do not build any targets. Multiple instances of this option may be specified; the variables will be printed one per line, with a blank line for each null or undefined variable. If variable contains a ‘$’ then the value will be expanded before printing.

-v

Be extra verbose. Print any extra information.

-X

When using the -V option to print the values of variables, do not recursively expand the values.

variable=value

Set the value of the variable variable to value.

-x warning_options

Specify extended warning options. This option may be specified several times. A warning_option can be prefixed with “no” in which case the warning is switched off. The currently available options are:

dirsyntax

Warn if anything except blanks and comments follows an .endif or .else directive.

See also the .WARN special target.

There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements, conditional directives, for loops, and comments.

In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending them with a backslash (‘\’). The trailing newline character and initial whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space.

FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS¶

Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets “depend” on the sources and are usually created from them. The exact relationship between the target and the source is determined by the operator that separates them. The three operators are as follows:

:

A target is considered out-of-date if its modification time is less than those of any of its sources. Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is removed if make is interrupted.

!

Targets are always re-created, but not until all sources have been examined and re-created as necessary. Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is removed if make is interrupted.

::

If no sources are specified, the target is always re-created. Otherwise, a target is considered out-of-date if any of its sources has been modified more recently than the target. Sources for a target do not accumulate over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target will not be removed if make is interrupted.

Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard expressions ‘?’, ‘*’, ‘[]’ and ‘{}’. The expressions ‘?’, ‘*’ and ‘[]’ may only be used as part of the final component of the target or source, and must be used to describe existing files. The expression ‘{}’ need not necessarily be used to describe existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as done in the shell.

SHELL COMMANDS¶

Each target may have associated with it a series of shell commands, normally used to create the target. Each of the commands in this script must be preceded by a tab. While any target may appear on a dependency line, only one of these dependencies may be followed by a creation script, unless the ‘::’ operator is used.

If the first characters of the command line are ‘@’, ‘-’, and/or ‘+’, the command is treated specially. A ‘@’ causes the command not to be echoed before it is executed. A ‘-’ causes any non-zero exit status of the command line to be ignored. A ‘+’ causes the command to be executed even if -n is specified on the command line.

VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS¶

Variables in make are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradition, consist of all upper-case letters. The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as follows:

=

Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overridden.

+=

Append the value to the current value of the variable.

?=

Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined.

:=

Assign with expansion, i.e., expand the value before assigning it to the variable. Normally, expansion is not done until the variable is referenced.

!=

Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in the result are replaced with spaces.

Any whitespace before the assigned value is removed; if the value is being appended, a single space is inserted between the previous contents of the variable and the appended value.

Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either curly braces (‘{}’) or parentheses (‘()’) and preceding it with a dollar sign (‘$’). If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surrounding braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not recommended.

Variable substitution occurs at two distinct times, depending on where the variable is being used. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is executed.

The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing precedence) are:

Environment variables

Variables defined as part of make's environment.

Global variables

Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles.

Command line variables

Variables defined as part of the command line and variables obtained from the MAKEFLAGS environment variable or the .MAKEFLAGS target.

Local variables

Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.

If the name of an environment variable appears in a makefile on the left-hand side of an assignment, a global variable with the same name is created, and the latter shadows the former as per their relative precedences. The environment is not changed in this case, and the change is not exported to programs executed by make. However, a command-line variable actually replaces the environment variable of the same name if the latter exists, which is visible to child programs.

There are seven local variables in make:

.ALLSRC

The list of all sources for this target; also known as ‘>’.

.ARCHIVE

The name of the archive file; also known as ‘!’.

.IMPSRC

The name/path of the source from which the target is to be transformed (the “implied” source); also known as ‘<’.

.MEMBER

The name of the archive member; also known as ‘%’.

.OODATE

The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-of-date; also known as ‘?’.

.PREFIX

The file prefix of the file, containing only the file portion, no suffix or preceding directory components; also known as ‘*’.

.TARGET

The name of the target; also known as ‘@’.

The shorter forms ‘@’, ‘!’, ‘<’, ‘%’, ‘?’, ‘>’, and ‘*’ are permitted for backward compatibility and are not recommended. The six variables ‘@F’, ‘@D’, ‘<F’, ‘<D’, ‘*F’, and ‘*D’ are permitted for compatibility with AT&T System V UNIX makefiles and are not recommended.

Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line. These variables are .TARGET, .PREFIX, .ARCHIVE, and .MEMBER.

In addition, make sets or knows about the following internal variables or environment variables:

$

A single dollar sign ‘$’, i.e. ‘$$’ expands to a single dollar sign.

MAKE

The name that make was executed with (argv[0]).

.CURDIR

A path to the directory where make was executed. The make utility sets .CURDIR to the canonical path given by getcwd(3).

.OBJDIR

A path to the directory where the targets are built. At startup, make searches for an alternate directory to place target files. It will attempt to change into this special directory and will search this directory for makefiles not found in the current directory. The following directories are tried in order:

1. ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}/`pwd -P`
2. ${MAKEOBJDIR}
3. obj.${MACHINE}
4. obj
5. /usr/obj/`pwd -P`

The first directory that make successfully changes into is used. If either MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX or MAKEOBJDIR is set in the environment but make is unable to change into the corresponding directory, then the current directory is used without checking the remainder of the list. If they are undefined and make is unable to change into any of the remaining three directories, then the current directory is used. Note, that MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX and MAKEOBJDIR must be environment variables and should not be set on make's command line.

The make utility sets .OBJDIR to the canonical path given by getcwd(3).

.MAKEFILE_LIST

As make reads various makefiles, including the default files and any obtained from the command line and .include and .sinclude directives, their names will be automatically appended to the .MAKEFILE_LIST variable. They are added right before make begins to parse them, so that the name of the current makefile is the last word in this variable.

MAKEFLAGS

The environment variable MAKEFLAGS may initially contain anything that may be specified on make's command line, including -f option(s). After processing, its contents are stored in the .MAKEFLAGS global variable, although any -f options are omitted. Then all options and variable assignments specified on make's command line, except for -f, are appended to the .MAKEFLAGS variable.

Whenever make executes a program, it sets MAKEFLAGS in the program's environment to the current value of the .MAKEFLAGS global variable. Thus, if MAKEFLAGS in make's environment contains any -f options, they will not be pushed down to child programs automatically. The make utility effectively filters out -f options from the environment and command line although it passes the rest of its options down to sub-makes via MAKEFLAGS by default.

When passing macro definitions and flag arguments in the MAKEFLAGS environment variable, space and tab characters are quoted by preceding them with a backslash. When reading the MAKEFLAGS variable from the environment, all sequences of a backslash and one of space or tab are replaced just with their second character without causing a word break. Any other occurrences of a backslash are retained. Groups of unquoted space, tab and newline characters cause word breaking.

.MAKEFLAGS

Initially, this global variable contains make's current run-time options from the environment and command line as described above, under MAKEFLAGS. By modifying the contents of the .MAKEFLAGS global variable, the makefile can alter the contents of the MAKEFLAGS environment variable made available for all programs which make executes. This includes adding -f option(s). The current value of .MAKEFLAGS is just copied verbatim to MAKEFLAGS in the environment of child programs.

Note that any options entered to .MAKEFLAGS neither affect the current instance of make nor show up in its own copy of MAKEFLAGS instantly. However, they do show up in the MAKEFLAGS environment variable of programs executed by make. On the other hand, a direct assignment to MAKEFLAGS neither affects the current instance of make nor is passed down to make's children. Compare with the .MAKEFLAGS special target below.

MFLAGS

This variable is provided for backward compatibility and contains all the options from the MAKEFLAGS environment variable plus any options specified on make's command line.

.MAKE.PID

The process-id of make.

.MAKE.PPID

The parent process-id of make.

.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX

If make is run with -j -v then output for each target is prefixed with a token ‘--- target ---’ the first part of which can be controlled via .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX.
For example: .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX=${.newline}---${MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}] would produce tokens like ‘---make[1234] target ---’ or .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX=---pid[${.MAKE.PID}],ppid[${.MAKE.PPID}] would produce tokens like ‘---pid[56789],ppid[1234] target ---’ making it easier to track the degree of parallelism being achieved.

.TARGETS

List of targets make is currently building.

.INCLUDES

See .INCLUDES special target.

.LIBS

See .LIBS special target.

MACHINE

Name of the machine architecture make is running on, obtained from the MACHINE environment variable, or through uname(3) if not defined.

MACHINE_ARCH

Name of the machine architecture make was compiled for, defined at compilation time.

VPATH

Makefiles may assign a colon-delimited list of directories to VPATH. These directories will be searched for source files by make after it has finished parsing all input makefiles.

DIRECTIVES, CONDITIONALS, AND FOR LOOPS¶

Directives, conditionals, and for loops reminiscent of the C programming language are provided in make. All such structures are identified by a line beginning with a single dot (‘.’) character. The following directives are supported:

.include <file>

 

.include "file"

Include the specified makefile. Variables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified using the -I option are searched before the system makefile directory.

.sinclude <file>

 

.sinclude "file"

Like .include, but silently ignored if the file cannot be found and opened.

.undef variable

Un-define the specified global variable. Only global variables may be un-defined.

.error message

Terminate processing of the makefile immediately. The filename of the makefile, the line on which the error was encountered and the specified message are printed to the standard error output and make terminates with exit code 1. Variables in the message are expanded.

.warning message

Emit a warning message. The filename of the makefile, the line on which the warning was encountered, and the specified message are printed to the standard error output. Variables in the message are expanded.

Conditionals are used to determine which parts of the Makefile to process. They are used similarly to the conditionals supported by the C pre-processor. The following conditionals are supported:

.if [!]expression [operator expression ...]

Test the value of an expression.

.ifdef [!]variable [operator variable ...]

Test the value of a variable.

.ifndef [!]variable [operator variable ...]

Test the value of a variable.

.ifmake [!]target [operator target ...]

Test the target being built.

.ifnmake [!]target [operator target ...]

Test the target being built.

.else

Reverse the sense of the last conditional.

.elif [!]expression [operator expression ...]

A combination of .else followed by .if.

.elifdef [!]variable [operator variable ...]

A combination of .else followed by .ifdef.

.elifndef [!]variable [operator variable ...]

A combination of .else followed by .ifndef.

.elifmake [!]target [operator target ...]

A combination of .else followed by .ifmake.

.elifnmake [!]target [operator target ...]

A combination of .else followed by .ifnmake.

.endif

End the body of the conditional.

The operator may be any one of the following:

||

Logical OR

&&

Logical AND; of higher precedence than ‘||’.

As in C, make will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to determine its value. Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation. The boolean operator ‘!’ may be used to logically negate an entire conditional. It is of higher precedence than ‘&&’.

The value of expression may be any of the following:

defined

Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if the variable has been defined.

make

Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target was specified as part of make's command line or was declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly, see .MAIN) before the line containing the conditional.

empty

Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true if the expansion of the variable would result in an empty string.

exists

Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the file exists. The file is searched for on the system search path (see .PATH).

target

Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target has been defined.

An expression may also be a numeric or string comparison: in this case, the left-hand side must be a variable expansion, whereas the right-hand side can be a constant or a variable expansion. Variable expansion is performed on both sides, after which the resulting values are compared. A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not supported.

String comparison can only use the ‘==’ or ‘!=’ operators, whereas numeric values (both integer and floating point) can also be compared using the ‘>’, ‘>=’, ‘<’ and ‘<=’ operators.

If no relational operator (and right-hand value) are given, an implicit ‘!= 0’ is used. However be very careful in using this feature especially when the left-hand side variable expansion returns a string.

When make is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it encounters a word it does not recognize, either the “make” or “defined” expression is applied to it, depending on the form of the conditional. If the form is .if, .ifdef or .ifndef, the “defined” expression is applied. Similarly, if the form is .ifmake or .ifnmake, the “make” expression is applied.

If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile continues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are skipped. In both cases this continues until a .else or .endif is found.

For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files. The syntax of a for loop is:

.for variable in expression

 

<make-rules>

 

.endfor

 

After the for expression is evaluated, it is split into words. The iteration variable is successively set to each word, and substituted in the make-rules inside the body of the for loop.

COMMENTS¶

Comments begin with a hash (‘#’) character, anywhere but in a shell command line, and continue to the end of the line.

SPECIAL SOURCES¶

.IGNORE

Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash (‘-’).

.MAKE

Execute the commands associated with this target even if the -n or -t options were specified. Normally used to mark recursive make's.

.NOTMAIN

Normally make selects the first target it encounters as the default target to be built if no target was specified. This source prevents this target from being selected.

.OPTIONAL

If a target is marked with this attribute and make cannot figure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume the file is not needed or already exists.

.PRECIOUS

When make is interrupted, it removes any partially made targets. This source prevents the target from being removed.

.SILENT

Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign (‘@’).

.USE

Turn the target into make's version of a macro. When the target is used as a source for another target, the other target acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for .USE) of the source. If the target already has commands, the .USE target's commands are appended to them.

.WAIT

If special .WAIT source appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line. Loops are not being detected and targets that form loops will be silently ignored.

SPECIAL TARGETS¶

Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e., they must be the only target specified.

.BEGIN

Any command lines attached to this target are executed before anything else is done.

.DEFAULT

This is sort of a .USE rule for any target (that was used only as a source) that make cannot figure out any other way to create. Only the shell script is used. The .IMPSRC variable of a target that inherits .DEFAULT's commands is set to the target's own name.

.END

Any command lines attached to this target are executed after everything else is done.

.IGNORE

Mark each of the sources with the .IGNORE attribute. If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the -i option.

.INCLUDES

A list of suffixes that indicate files that can be included in a source file. The suffix must have already been declared with .SUFFIXES; any suffix so declared will have the directories on its search path (see .PATH) placed in the .INCLUDES special variable, each preceded by a -I flag.

.INTERRUPT

If make is interrupted, the commands for this target will be executed.

.LIBS

This does for libraries what .INCLUDES does for include files, except that the flag used is -L.

.MAIN

If no target is specified when make is invoked, this target will be built. This is always set, either explicitly, or implicitly when make selects the default target, to give the user a way to refer to the default target on the command line.

.MAKEFILEDEPS

Enable the “Remaking Makefiles” functionality, as explained in the REMAKING MAKEFILES section below.

.MAKEFLAGS

This target provides a way to specify flags for make when the makefile is used. The flags are as if typed to the shell, though the -f option will have no effect. Flags (except for -f) and variable assignments specified as the source for this target are also appended to the .MAKEFLAGS internal variable. Please note the difference between this target and the .MAKEFLAGS internal variable: specifying an option or variable assignment as the source for this target will affect both the current makefile and all processes that make executes.

.MFLAGS

Same as above, for backward compatibility.

.NOTPARALLEL

Disable parallel mode.

.NO_PARALLEL

Same as above, for compatibility with other pmake variants.

.ORDER

The named targets are made in sequence.

.PATH

The sources are directories which are to be searched for files not found in the current directory. If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are deleted. Where possible, use of .PATH is preferred over use of the VPATH variable.

.PATHsuffix

The sources are directories which are to be searched for suffixed files not found in the current directory. The make utility first searches the suffixed search path, before reverting to the default path if the file is not found there. This form is required for .LIBS and .INCLUDES to work.

.PHONY

Apply the .PHONY attribute to any specified sources. Targets with this attribute are always considered to be out of date.

.POSIX

Adjust make's behavior to match the applicable POSIX specifications. (Note this disables the “Remaking Makefiles” feature.)

.PRECIOUS

Apply the .PRECIOUS attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .PRECIOUS attribute is applied to every target in the file.

.SHELL

Select another shell. The sources of this target have the format key=value. The key is one of:

path

Specify the path to the new shell.

name

Specify the name of the new shell. This may be either one of the three builtin shells (see below) or any other name.

quiet

Specify the shell command to turn echoing off.

echo

Specify the shell command to turn echoing on.

filter

Usually shells print the echo off command before turning echoing off. This is the exact string that will be printed by the shell and is used to filter the shell output to remove the echo off command.

echoFlag

The shell option that turns echoing on.

errFlag

The shell option to turn on error checking. If error checking is on, the shell should exit if a command returns a non-zero status.

hasErrCtl

True if the shell has error control.

check

If hasErrCtl is true then this is the shell command to turn error checking on. If hasErrCtl is false then this is a command template to echo commands for which error checking is disabled. The template must contain a ‘%s’.

ignore

If hasErrCtl is true, this is the shell command to turn error checking off. If hasErrCtl is false, this is a command template to execute a command so that errors are ignored. The template must contain a ‘%s’.

meta

This is a string of meta characters of the shell.

builtins

This is a string holding all the shell's builtin commands separated by blanks. The meta and builtins strings are used in compat mode. When a command line contains neither a meta character nor starts with a shell builtin, it is executed directly without invoking a shell. When one of these strings (or both) is empty all commands are executed through a shell.

unsetenv

If true, remove the ENV environment variable before executing any command. This is useful for the Korn-shell (ksh).

Values that are strings must be surrounded by double quotes. Boolean values are specified as ‘T’ or ‘Y’ (in either case) to mean true. Any other value is taken to mean false.

There are several uses of the .SHELL target:

• Selecting one of the builtin shells. This is done by just specifying the name of the shell with the name keyword. It is also possible to modify the parameters of the builtin shell by just specifying other keywords (except for path).
• Using another executable for one of the builtin shells. This is done by specifying the path to the executable with the path keyword. If the last component is the same as the name of the builtin shell, no name needs to be specified; if it is different, the name must be given:

  .SHELL: path="/usr/local/bin/sh"

  selects the builtin shell “sh” but will execute it from /usr/local/bin/sh. Like in the previous case, it is possible to modify parameters of the builtin shell by just specifying them.

• Using an entirely different shell. This is done by specifying all keywords.

The builtin shells are “sh”, “csh” and “ksh”. Because FreeBSD has no ksh in /bin, it is unwise to specify name="ksh" without also specifying a path.

.SILENT

Apply the .SILENT attribute to any specified sources. If no sources are specified, the .SILENT attribute is applied to every command in the file.

.SUFFIXES

Each source specifies a suffix to make. If no sources are specified, any previous specified suffixes are deleted.

.WARN

Each source specifies a warning flag as previously described for the -x command line option. Warning flags specified on the command line take precedence over flags specified in the makefile. Also, command line warning flags are pushed to sub-makes through the MAKEFLAGS environment variables so that a warning flag specified on the command line will influence all sub-makes. Several flags can be specified on a single .WARN target by separating them with blanks.

REMAKING MAKEFILES¶

If the special target .MAKEFILEDEPS exists in the Makefile, make enables the “Remaking Makefiles” feature. After reading Makefile and all the files that are included using .include or .sinclude directives (source Makefiles) make considers each source Makefile as a target and tries to rebuild it. Both explicit and implicit rules are checked and all source Makefiles are updated if necessary. If any of the source Makefiles were rebuilt, make restarts from clean state.

To prevent infinite loops the following source Makefile targets are ignored:

• :: targets that have no prerequisites
• ! targets
• targets that have .PHONY or .EXEC attributes
• targets without prerequisites and without commands

When remaking a source Makefile options -t (touch target), -q (query mode), and -n (no exec) do not take effect, unless source Makefile is specified explicitly as a target in make command line.

Additionally, system makefiles and .depend are not considered as Makefiles that can be rebuilt.

ENVIRONMENT¶

The make utility uses the following environment variables, if they exist: MACHINE, MAKE, MAKEFLAGS, MAKEOBJDIR, MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, and MAKESYSPATH.

FILES¶

.depend

list of dependencies

Makefile

list of dependencies

makefile

list of dependencies

obj

object directory

sys.mk

system makefile

/usr/share/mk-freebsd

default system makefile directory

/usr/share/doc/psd/12.make

PMake tutorial

/usr/obj

default MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX directory.

/etc/make.conf

default path to make.conf(5)

EXAMPLES¶

List all included makefiles in order visited:

COMPATIBILITY¶

Older versions of make used MAKE instead of MAKEFLAGS. This was removed for POSIX compatibility. The internal variable MAKE is set to the same value as .MAKE; support for this may be removed in the future.

The use of the :L and :U modifiers are deprecated in FreeBSD 10.0 and the more portable (among Pmake decedents) :tl and :tu should be used instead.

Most of the more esoteric features of make should probably be avoided for greater compatibility.

SEE ALSO¶

mkdep(1), make.conf(5)

PMake - A Tutorial. in /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make

HISTORY¶

A make command appeared in PWB UNIX.

BUGS¶

The determination of .OBJDIR is contorted to the point of absurdity.

In the presence of several .MAIN special targets, make silently ignores all but the first.

.TARGETS is not set to the default target when make is invoked without a target name and no .MAIN special target exists.

The evaluation of expression in a test is very simple-minded. Currently, the only form that works is ‘.if ${VAR} op something’. For instance, you should write tests as ‘.if ${VAR} == string’ not the other way around, which would give you an error.

For loops are expanded before tests, so a fragment such as:

.for ARCH in ${SHARED_ARCHS}
.if ${ARCH} == ${MACHINE}
     ...
.endif
.endfor

will not work, and should be rewritten as:

.for ARCH in ${SHARED_ARCHS}
.if ${MACHINE} == ${ARCH}
     ...
.endif
.endfor

The parsing code is broken with respect to handling a semicolon after a colon, so a fragment like this will fail:

HDRS=   foo.h bar.h

all:
.for h in ${HDRS:S;^;${.CURDIR}/;}
     ...
.endfor

A trailing backslash in a variable value defined on the command line causes the delimiting space in the MAKEFLAGS environment variable to be preceded by that backslash. That causes a submake to not treat that space as a word delimiter. Fixing this requires a larger rewrite of the code handling command line macros and assignments to .MAKEFLAGS.