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KERNEL-INSTALL(8) kernel-install KERNEL-INSTALL(8)

NAME

kernel-install - Add and remove kernel and initrd images to and from /boot

SYNOPSIS

kernel-install [OPTIONS...] add KERNEL-VERSION KERNEL-IMAGE [INITRD-FILE...]

kernel-install [OPTIONS...] remove KERNEL-VERSION

kernel-install [OPTIONS...] inspect [KERNEL-IMAGE]

DESCRIPTION

kernel-install is used to install and remove kernel and initrd images [1] to and from the boot loader partition, referred to as $BOOT here. It will usually be one of /boot/, /efi/, or /boot/efi/, see below.

kernel-install will run the executable files ("plugins") located in the directory /usr/lib/kernel/install.d/ and the local administration directory /etc/kernel/install.d/. All files are collectively sorted and executed in lexical order, regardless of the directory in which they live. However, files with identical filenames replace each other. Files in /etc/kernel/install.d/ take precedence over files with the same name in /usr/lib/kernel/install.d/. This can be used to override a system-supplied executables with a local file if needed; a symbolic link in /etc/kernel/install.d/ with the same name as an executable in /usr/lib/kernel/install.d/, pointing to /dev/null, disables the executable entirely. Executables must have the extension ".install"; other extensions are ignored.

An executable placed in these directories should return 0 on success. It may also return 77 to cause the whole operation to terminate (executables later in lexical order will be skipped).

COMMANDS

The following commands are understood:

add KERNEL-VERSION KERNEL-IMAGE [INITRD-FILE ...]

This command expects a kernel version string and a path to a kernel image file as arguments. Optionally, one or more initrd images may be specified as well (note that plugins might generate additional ones). kernel-install calls the executable files from /usr/lib/kernel/install.d/*.install and /etc/kernel/install.d/*.install (i.e. the plugins) with the following arguments: 

add KERNEL-VERSION $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/KERNEL-VERSION/ KERNEL-IMAGE [INITRD-FILE ...]

The third argument directly refers to the path where to place kernel images, initrd images and other resources for Boot Loader Specification[2] Type #1 entries (the "entry directory"). If other boot loader schemes are used the parameter may be ignored. The ENTRY-TOKEN string is typically the machine ID and is supposed to identify the local installation on the system. For details see below.

Two default plugins execute the following operations in this case:

•kernel-install creates $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/KERNEL-VERSION, if enabled (see $KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT).

•50-depmod.install runs depmod(8) for the KERNEL-VERSION.

•90-loaderentry.install copies KERNEL-IMAGE to $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/KERNEL-VERSION/linux. If INITRD-FILEs are provided, it also copies them to $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/KERNEL_VERSION/INITRD-FILE. This can also be used to prepend microcode before the actual initrd. It also creates a boot loader entry according to the Boot Loader Specification[2] (Type #1) in $BOOT/loader/entries/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION.conf. The title of the entry is the PRETTY_NAME parameter specified in /etc/os-release or /usr/lib/os-release (if the former is missing), or "Linux KERNEL-VERSION", if unset.

If $KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT is not "bls", this plugin does nothing.

•90-uki-copy.install copies a file uki.efi from $KERNEL_INSTALL_STAGING_AREA or if it does not exist the KERNEL-IMAGE argument, only if it has a ".efi" extension, to $BOOT/EFI/Linux/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION.efi.

If $KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT is not "uki", this plugin does nothing.

remove KERNEL-VERSION

This command expects a kernel version string as single argument. This calls executables from /usr/lib/kernel/install.d/*.install and /etc/kernel/install.d/*.install with the following arguments: 

remove KERNEL-VERSION $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/KERNEL-VERSION/

Afterwards, kernel-install removes the entry directory $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/KERNEL-VERSION/ and its contents, if it exists.

Two default plugins execute the following operations in this case:

•50-depmod.install removes the files generated by depmod for this kernel again.

•90-loaderentry.install removes the file $BOOT/loader/entries/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION.conf.

•90-uki-copy.install removes the file $BOOT/EFI/Linux/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION.efi.

inspect [KERNEL-IMAGE]

Shows the various paths and parameters configured or auto-detected. In particular shows the values of the various $KERNEL_INSTALL_* environment variables listed below.

COMPATIBILITY WITH THE KERNEL BUILD SYSTEM

installkernel [OPTIONS...] VERSION VMLINUZ [MAP] [INSTALLATION-DIR]

When invoked as installkernel, this program accepts arguments as specified by the kernel build system's make install command. The VERSION and VMLINUZ parameters specify the kernel version and the kernel binary. The other two parameters (MAP and INSTALLATION-DIR) are currently ignored.

THE $BOOT PARTITION

The partition where the kernels and Boot Loader Specification[2] snippets are located is called $BOOT. kernel-install determines the location of this partition by checking /efi/, /boot/, and /boot/efi/ in turn. The first location where $BOOT/loader/entries/ or $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/ exists is used.

OPTIONS

The following options are understood:

--esp-path=

Path to the EFI System Partition (ESP). If not specified, /efi/, /boot/, and /boot/efi/ are checked in turn. It is recommended to mount the ESP to /efi/, if possible.

--boot-path=

Path to the Extended Boot Loader partition, as defined in the Boot Loader Specification[2]. If not specified, /boot/ is checked. It is recommended to mount the Extended Boot Loader partition to /boot/, if possible.

--make-entry-directory=yes|no|auto

Controls creation and deletion of the Boot Loader Specification[2] Type #1 entry directory on the file system containing resources such as kernel and initrd images during add and remove, respectively. The directory is named after the entry token, and is placed immediately below the boot root directory. When "auto", the directory is created or removed only when the install layout is "bls". Defaults to "auto".

--entry-token=

Controls how to name and identify boot loader entries for this kernel installation or deletion. Takes one of "auto", "machine-id", "os-id", "os-image-id", or an arbitrary string prefixed by "literal:" as argument.

If set to machine-id the entries are named after the machine ID of the running system (e.g. "b0e793a9baf14b5fa13ecbe84ff637ac"). See machine-id(5) for details about the machine ID concept and file.

If set to os-id the entries are named after the OS ID of the running system, i.e. the ID= field of os-release(5) (e.g. "fedora"). Similarly, if set to os-image-id the entries are named after the OS image ID of the running system, i.e. the IMAGE_ID= field of os-release (e.g. "vendorx-cashier-system").

If set to auto (the default), the /etc/kernel/entry-token (or $KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT/entry-token) file will be read if it exists, and the stored value used. Otherwise if the local machine ID is initialized it is used. Otherwise IMAGE_ID= from os-release will be used, if set. Otherwise, ID= from os-release will be used, if set. Otherwise a randomly generated machine ID is used.

Using the machine ID for naming the entries is generally preferable, however there are cases where using the other identifiers is a good option. Specifically: if the identification data that the machine ID entails shall not be stored on the (unencrypted) $BOOT_ROOT partition, or if the ID shall be generated on first boot and is not known when the entries are prepared. Note that using the machine ID has the benefit that multiple parallel installations of the same OS can coexist on the same medium, and they can update their boot loader entries independently. When using another identifier (such as the OS ID or the OS image ID), parallel installations of the same OS would try to use the same entry name. To support parallel installations, the installer must use a different entry token when adding a second installation.

-v, --verbose

Output additional information about operations being performed.

-h, --help

Print a short help text and exit.

--version

Print a short version string and exit.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

Environment variables exported for plugins

If --verbose is used, $KERNEL_INSTALL_VERBOSE=1 will be exported for plugins. They may output additional logs in this case.

$KERNEL_INSTALL_IMAGE_TYPE=uki|pe|unknown is set for the plugins to specify the type of the kernel image.

uki

Unified kernel image.

pe

PE binary.

unknown

Unknown type.

$KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID is set for the plugins to the desired machine-id to use. It's always a 128-bit ID. Normally it's read from /etc/machine-id, but it can also be overridden via $MACHINE_ID (see below). If not specified via these methods, a fallback value will generated by kernel-install and used only for a single invocation.

$KERNEL_INSTALL_ENTRY_TOKEN is set for the plugins to the desired entry "token" to use. It's an identifier that shall be used to identify the local installation, and is often the machine ID, i.e. same as $KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID, but might also be a different type of identifier, for example a fixed string or the ID=, IMAGE_ID= values from /etc/os-release. The string passed here will be used to name Boot Loader Specification entries, or the directories the kernel image and initial RAM disk images are placed into.

Note that while $KERNEL_INSTALL_ENTRY_TOKEN and $KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID are often set to the same value, the latter is guaranteed to be a valid 32 character ID in lowercase hexadecimals while the former can be any short string. The entry token to use is read from /etc/kernel/entry-token, if it exists. Otherwise a few possible candidates below $BOOT are checked for Boot Loader Specification Type 1 entry directories, and if found the entry token is derived from that. If that is not successful, $KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID is used as fallback.

$KERNEL_INSTALL_BOOT_ROOT is set for the plugins to the absolute path of the root directory (mount point, usually) of the hierarchy where boot loader entries, kernel images, and associated resources should be placed. This usually is the path where the XBOOTLDR partition or the ESP (EFI System Partition) are mounted, and also conceptually referred to as $BOOT. Can be overridden by setting $BOOT_ROOT (see below).

$KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT=auto|bls|uki|other|... is set for the plugins to specify the installation layout. Additional layout names may be defined by convention. If a plugin uses a special layout, it's encouraged to declare its own layout name and configure layout= in install.conf upon initial installation. The following values are currently understood:

bls

Standard Boot Loader Specification[2] Type #1 layout, compatible with systemd-boot(7): entries in $BOOT/loader/entries/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION[+TRIES].conf, kernel and initrds under $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/KERNEL-VERSION/

Implemented by 90-loaderentry.install.

uki

Standard Boot Loader Specification[2] Type #2 layout, compatible with systemd-boot(7): unified kernel images under $BOOT/EFI/Linux as $BOOT/EFI/Linux/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION[+TRIES].efi.

Implemented by 90-uki-copy.install.

other

Some other layout not understood natively by kernel-install.

auto

Pick the layout automatically. If the kernel is a UKI set layout to uki. If not default to bls if $BOOT/loader/entries.srel with content "type1" or $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN exists, or other otherwise.

Leaving layout blank has the same effect. This is the default.

$KERNEL_INSTALL_INITRD_GENERATOR and $KERNEL_INSTALL_UKI_GENERATOR are set for plugins to select the initrd and/or UKI generator. This may be configured as initrd_generator= and uki_generator= in install.conf, see below.

$KERNEL_INSTALL_STAGING_AREA is set for plugins to a path to a directory. Plugins may drop files in that directory, and they will be installed as part of the loader entry, based on the file name and extension: Files named initrd* will be installed as INITRD-FILEs, and files named microcode* will be prepended before INITRD-FILEs.

Environment variables understood by kernel-install

$KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT can be set to override the location of the configuration files read by kernel-install. When set, install.conf, entry-token, and other files will be read from this directory.

$KERNEL_INSTALL_PLUGINS can be set to override the list of plugins executed by kernel-install. The argument is a whitespace-separated list of paths. "KERNEL_INSTALL_PLUGINS=:" may be used to prevent any plugins from running.

$MACHINE_ID can be set for kernel-install to override $KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID, the machine ID.

$BOOT_ROOT can be set for kernel-install to override $KERNEL_INSTALL_BOOT_ROOT, the installation location for boot entries.

The last two variables may also be set in install.conf. Variables set in the environment take precedence over the values specified in the config file.

EXIT STATUS

If every executable returns 0 or 77, 0 is returned, and a non-zero failure code otherwise.

FILES

/usr/lib/kernel/install.d/*.install /etc/kernel/install.d/*.install

Drop-in files which are executed by kernel-install.

/usr/lib/kernel/cmdline /etc/kernel/cmdline /proc/cmdline

Read by 90-loaderentry.install. The content of the file /etc/kernel/cmdline specifies the kernel command line to use. If that file does not exist, /usr/lib/kernel/cmdline is used. If that also does not exist, /proc/cmdline is used. $KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT may be used to override the path.

/etc/kernel/tries

Read by 90-loaderentry.install and 90-uki-copy.install. If this file exists a numeric value is read from it and the naming of the generated entry file or UKI is slightly altered to include it as $BOOT/loader/entries/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION+TRIES.conf or $BOOT/EFI/Linux/ENTRY-TOKEN-KERNEL-VERSION+TRIES.efi, respectively. This is useful for boot loaders such as systemd-boot(7) which implement boot attempt counting with a counter embedded in the entry file name. $KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT may be used to override the path.

/etc/kernel/entry-token

If this file exists it is read and used as "entry token" for this system, i.e. is used for naming Boot Loader Specification entries, see $KERNEL_INSTALL_ENTRY_TOKEN above for details. $KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT may be used to override the path.

/etc/machine-id

The content of this file specifies the machine identification MACHINE-ID.

/etc/os-release /usr/lib/os-release

Read by 90-loaderentry.install. If available, PRETTY_NAME= is read from these files and used as the title of the boot menu entry. Otherwise, "Linux KERNEL-VERSION" will be used.

/usr/lib/kernel/install.conf /etc/kernel/install.conf

Configuration options for kernel-install, as a series of KEY=VALUE assignments, compatible with shell syntax, following the same rules as described in os-release(5). /etc/kernel/install.conf will be read if present, and /usr/lib/kernel/install.conf otherwise. This file is optional. $KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT may be used to override the path.

Currently, the following keys are supported: MACHINE_ID=, BOOT_ROOT=, layout=, initrd_generator=, uki_generator=. See the Environment variables section above for details.

/etc/kernel/uki.conf

Ini-style configuration file for ukify(1) which is only effective when $KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT or layout= in install.conf is set to uki and $KERNEL_INSTALL_UKI_GENERATOR or uki_generator= in install.conf is set to ukify. $KERNEL_INSTALL_CONF_ROOT may be used to override the path.

SEE ALSO

machine-id(5), os-release(5), depmod(8), systemd-boot(7), ukify(1), Boot Loader Specification[2]

NOTES

1.
Nowadays actually CPIO archives used as an "initramfs", rather than "initrd". See bootup(7) for an explanation.
2.
Boot Loader Specification
https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/boot_loader_specification
systemd 254