The termios structure¶

Many of the functions described here have a termios_p argument that is a pointer to a termios structure. This structure contains at least the following members:

tcflag_t c_iflag;      /* input modes */
tcflag_t c_oflag;      /* output modes */
tcflag_t c_cflag;      /* control modes */
tcflag_t c_lflag;      /* local modes */
cc_t     c_cc[NCCS];   /* special characters */

The values that may be assigned to these fields are described below. In the case of the first four bit-mask fields, the definitions of some of the associated flags that may be set are exposed only if a specific feature test macro (see feature_test_macros(7)) is defined, as noted in brackets ("[]").

In the descriptions below, "not in POSIX" means that the value is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and "XSI" means that the value is specified in POSIX.1-2001 as part of the XSI extension.

c_iflag flag constants:

IGNBRK

Ignore BREAK condition on input.

BRKINT

If IGNBRK is set, a BREAK is ignored. If it is not set but BRKINT is set, then a BREAK causes the input and output queues to be flushed, and if the terminal is the controlling terminal of a foreground process group, it will cause a SIGINT to be sent to this foreground process group. When neither IGNBRK nor BRKINT are set, a BREAK reads as a null byte ('\0'), except when PARMRK is set, in which case it reads as the sequence \377 \0 \0.

IGNPAR

Ignore framing errors and parity errors.

PARMRK

If this bit is set, input bytes with parity or framing errors are marked when passed to the program. This bit is meaningful only when INPCK is set and IGNPAR is not set. The way erroneous bytes are marked is with two preceding bytes, \377 and \0. Thus, the program actually reads three bytes for one erroneous byte received from the terminal. If a valid byte has the value \377, and ISTRIP (see below) is not set, the program might confuse it with the prefix that marks a parity error. Therefore, a valid byte \377 is passed to the program as two bytes, \377 \377, in this case.

If neither IGNPAR nor PARMRK is set, read a character with a parity error or framing error as \0.

INPCK

Enable input parity checking.

ISTRIP

Strip off eighth bit.

INLCR

Translate NL to CR on input.

IGNCR

Ignore carriage return on input.

ICRNL

Translate carriage return to newline on input (unless IGNCR is set).

IUCLC

(not in POSIX) Map uppercase characters to lowercase on input.

IXON

Enable XON/XOFF flow control on output.

IXANY

(XSI) Typing any character will restart stopped output. (The default is to allow just the START character to restart output.)

IXOFF

Enable XON/XOFF flow control on input.

IMAXBEL

(not in POSIX) Ring bell when input queue is full. Linux does not implement this bit, and acts as if it is always set.

IUTF8 (since Linux 2.6.4)

(not in POSIX) Input is UTF8; this allows character-erase to be correctly performed in cooked mode.

c_oflag flag constants:

OPOST

Enable implementation-defined output processing.

OLCUC

(not in POSIX) Map lowercase characters to uppercase on output.

ONLCR

(XSI) Map NL to CR-NL on output.

OCRNL

Map CR to NL on output.

ONOCR

Don't output CR at column 0.

ONLRET

The NL character is assumed to do the carriage-return function; the kernel's idea of the current column is set to 0 after both NL and CR.

OFILL

Send fill characters for a delay, rather than using a timed delay.

OFDEL

Fill character is ASCII DEL (0177). If unset, fill character is ASCII NUL ('\0'). (Not implemented on Linux.)

NLDLY

Newline delay mask. Values are NL0 and NL1. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

CRDLY

Carriage return delay mask. Values are CR0, CR1, CR2, or CR3. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

TABDLY

Horizontal tab delay mask. Values are TAB0, TAB1, TAB2, TAB3 (or XTABS, but see the BUGS section). A value of TAB3, that is, XTABS, expands tabs to spaces (with tab stops every eight columns). [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

BSDLY

Backspace delay mask. Values are BS0 or BS1. (Has never been implemented.) [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

VTDLY

Vertical tab delay mask. Values are VT0 or VT1.

FFDLY

Form feed delay mask. Values are FF0 or FF1. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

c_cflag flag constants:

CBAUD

(not in POSIX) Baud speed mask (4+1 bits). [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

CBAUDEX

(not in POSIX) Extra baud speed mask (1 bit), included in CBAUD. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

(POSIX says that the baud speed is stored in the termios structure without specifying where precisely, and provides cfgetispeed() and cfsetispeed() for getting at it. Some systems use bits selected by CBAUD in c_cflag, other systems use separate fields, for example, sg_ispeed and sg_ospeed.)

CSIZE

Character size mask. Values are CS5, CS6, CS7, or CS8.

CSTOPB

Set two stop bits, rather than one.

CREAD

Enable receiver.

PARENB

Enable parity generation on output and parity checking for input.

PARODD

If set, then parity for input and output is odd; otherwise even parity is used.

HUPCL

Lower modem control lines after last process closes the device (hang up).

CLOCAL

Ignore modem control lines.

LOBLK

(not in POSIX) Block output from a noncurrent shell layer. For use by shl (shell layers). (Not implemented on Linux.)

CIBAUD

(not in POSIX) Mask for input speeds. The values for the CIBAUD bits are the same as the values for the CBAUD bits, shifted left IBSHIFT bits. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] (Not implemented in glibc, supported on Linux via TCGET* and TCSET* ioctls; see ioctl_tty(2))

CMSPAR

(not in POSIX) Use "stick" (mark/space) parity (supported on certain serial devices): if PARODD is set, the parity bit is always 1; if PARODD is not set, then the parity bit is always 0. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

CRTSCTS

(not in POSIX) Enable RTS/CTS (hardware) flow control. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

c_lflag flag constants:

ISIG

When any of the characters INTR, QUIT, SUSP, or DSUSP are received, generate the corresponding signal.

ICANON

Enable canonical mode (described below).

XCASE

(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) If ICANON is also set, terminal is uppercase only. Input is converted to lowercase, except for characters preceded by \. On output, uppercase characters are preceded by \ and lowercase characters are converted to uppercase. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

ECHO

Echo input characters.

ECHOE

If ICANON is also set, the ERASE character erases the preceding input character, and WERASE erases the preceding word.

ECHOK

If ICANON is also set, the KILL character erases the current line.

ECHONL

If ICANON is also set, echo the NL character even if ECHO is not set.

ECHOCTL

(not in POSIX) If ECHO is also set, terminal special characters other than TAB, NL, START, and STOP are echoed as ^X, where X is the character with ASCII code 0x40 greater than the special character. For example, character 0x08 (BS) is echoed as ^H. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

ECHOPRT

(not in POSIX) If ICANON and ECHO are also set, characters are printed as they are being erased. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

ECHOKE

(not in POSIX) If ICANON is also set, KILL is echoed by erasing each character on the line, as specified by ECHOE and ECHOPRT. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

DEFECHO

(not in POSIX) Echo only when a process is reading. (Not implemented on Linux.)

FLUSHO

(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) Output is being flushed. This flag is toggled by typing the DISCARD character. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

NOFLSH

Disable flushing the input and output queues when generating signals for the INT, QUIT, and SUSP characters.

TOSTOP

Send the SIGTTOU signal to the process group of a background process which tries to write to its controlling terminal.

PENDIN

(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) All characters in the input queue are reprinted when the next character is read. (bash(1) handles typeahead this way.) [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

IEXTEN

Enable implementation-defined input processing. This flag, as well as ICANON must be enabled for the special characters EOL2, LNEXT, REPRINT, WERASE to be interpreted, and for the IUCLC flag to be effective.

The c_cc array defines the terminal special characters. The symbolic indices (initial values) and meaning are:

VDISCARD

(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 017, SI, Ctrl-O) Toggle: start/stop discarding pending output. Recognized when IEXTEN is set, and then not passed as input.

VDSUSP

(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 031, EM, Ctrl-Y) Delayed suspend character (DSUSP): send SIGTSTP signal when the character is read by the user program. Recognized when IEXTEN and ISIG are set, and the system supports job control, and then not passed as input.

VEOF

(004, EOT, Ctrl-D) End-of-file character (EOF). More precisely: this character causes the pending tty buffer to be sent to the waiting user program without waiting for end-of-line. If it is the first character of the line, the read(2) in the user program returns 0, which signifies end-of-file. Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input.

VEOL

(0, NUL) Additional end-of-line character (EOL). Recognized when ICANON is set.

VEOL2

(not in POSIX; 0, NUL) Yet another end-of-line character (EOL2). Recognized when ICANON is set.

VERASE

(0177, DEL, rubout, or 010, BS, Ctrl-H, or also #) Erase character (ERASE). This erases the previous not-yet-erased character, but does not erase past EOF or beginning-of-line. Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input.

VINTR

(003, ETX, Ctrl-C, or also 0177, DEL, rubout) Interrupt character (INTR). Send a SIGINT signal. Recognized when ISIG is set, and then not passed as input.

VKILL

(025, NAK, Ctrl-U, or Ctrl-X, or also @) Kill character (KILL). This erases the input since the last EOF or beginning-of-line. Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input.

VLNEXT

(not in POSIX; 026, SYN, Ctrl-V) Literal next (LNEXT). Quotes the next input character, depriving it of a possible special meaning. Recognized when IEXTEN is set, and then not passed as input.

VMIN

Minimum number of characters for noncanonical read (MIN).

VQUIT

(034, FS, Ctrl-\) Quit character (QUIT). Send SIGQUIT signal. Recognized when ISIG is set, and then not passed as input.

VREPRINT

(not in POSIX; 022, DC2, Ctrl-R) Reprint unread characters (REPRINT). Recognized when ICANON and IEXTEN are set, and then not passed as input.

VSTART

(021, DC1, Ctrl-Q) Start character (START). Restarts output stopped by the Stop character. Recognized when IXON is set, and then not passed as input.

VSTATUS

(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; status request: 024, DC4, Ctrl-T). Status character (STATUS). Display status information at terminal, including state of foreground process and amount of CPU time it has consumed. Also sends a SIGINFO signal (not supported on Linux) to the foreground process group.

VSTOP

(023, DC3, Ctrl-S) Stop character (STOP). Stop output until Start character typed. Recognized when IXON is set, and then not passed as input.

VSUSP

(032, SUB, Ctrl-Z) Suspend character (SUSP). Send SIGTSTP signal. Recognized when ISIG is set, and then not passed as input.

VSWTCH

(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 0, NUL) Switch character (SWTCH). Used in System V to switch shells in shell layers, a predecessor to shell job control.

VTIME

Timeout in deciseconds for noncanonical read (TIME).

VWERASE

(not in POSIX; 027, ETB, Ctrl-W) Word erase (WERASE). Recognized when ICANON and IEXTEN are set, and then not passed as input.

An individual terminal special character can be disabled by setting the value of the corresponding c_cc element to _POSIX_VDISABLE.

The above symbolic subscript values are all different, except that VTIME, VMIN may have the same value as VEOL, VEOF, respectively. In noncanonical mode the special character meaning is replaced by the timeout meaning. For an explanation of VMIN and VTIME, see the description of noncanonical mode below.

Retrieving and changing terminal settings¶

tcgetattr() gets the parameters associated with the object referred by fd and stores them in the termios structure referenced by termios_p. This function may be invoked from a background process; however, the terminal attributes may be subsequently changed by a foreground process.

tcsetattr() sets the parameters associated with the terminal (unless support is required from the underlying hardware that is not available) from the termios structure referred to by termios_p. optional_actions specifies when the changes take effect:

TCSANOW

the change occurs immediately.

TCSADRAIN

the change occurs after all output written to fd has been transmitted. This option should be used when changing parameters that affect output.

TCSAFLUSH

the change occurs after all output written to the object referred by fd has been transmitted, and all input that has been received but not read will be discarded before the change is made.

Canonical and noncanonical mode¶

The setting of the ICANON canon flag in c_lflag determines whether the terminal is operating in canonical mode (ICANON set) or noncanonical mode (ICANON unset). By default, ICANON is set.

In canonical mode:

•

Input is made available line by line. An input line is available when one of the line delimiters is typed (NL, EOL, EOL2; or EOF at the start of line). Except in the case of EOF, the line delimiter is included in the buffer returned by read(2).

•

Line editing is enabled (ERASE, KILL; and if the IEXTEN flag is set: WERASE, REPRINT, LNEXT). A read(2) returns at most one line of input; if the read(2) requested fewer bytes than are available in the current line of input, then only as many bytes as requested are read, and the remaining characters will be available for a future read(2).

•

The maximum line length is 4096 chars (including the terminating newline character); lines longer than 4096 chars are truncated. After 4095 characters, input processing (e.g., ISIG and ECHO* processing) continues, but any input data after 4095 characters up to (but not including) any terminating newline is discarded. This ensures that the terminal can always receive more input until at least one line can be read.

In noncanonical mode input is available immediately (without the user having to type a line-delimiter character), no input processing is performed, and line editing is disabled. The read buffer will only accept 4095 chars; this provides the necessary space for a newline char if the input mode is switched to canonical. The settings of MIN (c_cc[VMIN]) and TIME (c_cc[VTIME]) determine the circumstances in which a read(2) completes; there are four distinct cases:

MIN == 0, TIME == 0 (polling read)

If data is available, read(2) returns immediately, with the lesser of the number of bytes available, or the number of bytes requested. If no data is available, read(2) returns 0.

MIN > 0, TIME == 0 (blocking read)

read(2) blocks until MIN bytes are available, and returns up to the number of bytes requested.

MIN == 0, TIME > 0 (read with timeout)

TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second. The timer is started when read(2) is called. read(2) returns either when at least one byte of data is available, or when the timer expires. If the timer expires without any input becoming available, read(2) returns 0. If data is already available at the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call.

MIN > 0, TIME > 0 (read with interbyte timeout)

TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second. Once an initial byte of input becomes available, the timer is restarted after each further byte is received. read(2) returns when any of the following conditions is met:

Because the timer is started only after the initial byte becomes available, at least one byte will be read. If data is already available at the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call.

POSIX does not specify whether the setting of the O_NONBLOCK file status flag takes precedence over the MIN and TIME settings. If O_NONBLOCK is set, a read(2) in noncanonical mode may return immediately, regardless of the setting of MIN or TIME. Furthermore, if no data is available, POSIX permits a read(2) in noncanonical mode to return either 0, or -1 with errno set to EAGAIN.

Raw mode¶

cfmakeraw() sets the terminal to something like the "raw" mode of the old Version 7 terminal driver: input is available character by character, echoing is disabled, and all special processing of terminal input and output characters is disabled. The terminal attributes are set as follows:

termios_p->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT | PARMRK | ISTRIP


                | INLCR | IGNCR | ICRNL | IXON);
termios_p->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;
termios_p->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHONL | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN);
termios_p->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB);
termios_p->c_cflag |= CS8;

Line control¶

tcsendbreak() transmits a continuous stream of zero-valued bits for a specific duration, if the terminal is using asynchronous serial data transmission. If duration is zero, it transmits zero-valued bits for at least 0.25 seconds, and not more than 0.5 seconds. If duration is not zero, it sends zero-valued bits for some implementation-defined length of time.

If the terminal is not using asynchronous serial data transmission, tcsendbreak() returns without taking any action.

tcdrain() waits until all output written to the object referred to by fd has been transmitted.

tcflush() discards data written to the object referred to by fd but not transmitted, or data received but not read, depending on the value of queue_selector:

TCIFLUSH

flushes data received but not read.

TCOFLUSH

flushes data written but not transmitted.

TCIOFLUSH

flushes both data received but not read, and data written but not transmitted.

tcflow() suspends transmission or reception of data on the object referred to by fd, depending on the value of action:

TCOOFF

suspends output.

TCOON

restarts suspended output.

TCIOFF

transmits a STOP character, which stops the terminal device from transmitting data to the system.

TCION

transmits a START character, which starts the terminal device transmitting data to the system.

The default on open of a terminal file is that neither its input nor its output is suspended.

Line speed¶

The baud rate functions are provided for getting and setting the values of the input and output baud rates in the termios structure. The new values do not take effect until tcsetattr() is successfully called.

Setting the speed to B0 instructs the modem to "hang up". The actual bit rate corresponding to B38400 may be altered with setserial(8).

The input and output baud rates are stored in the termios structure.

cfgetospeed() returns the output baud rate stored in the termios structure pointed to by termios_p.

cfsetospeed() sets the output baud rate stored in the termios structure pointed to by termios_p to speed, which must be one of these constants:

These constants are additionally supported on the SPARC architecture:

These constants are additionally supported on non-SPARC architectures:

Due to differences between architectures, portable applications should check if a particular Bnnn constant is defined prior to using it.

The zero baud rate, B0, is used to terminate the connection. If B0 is specified, the modem control lines shall no longer be asserted. Normally, this will disconnect the line. CBAUDEX is a mask for the speeds beyond those defined in POSIX.1 (57600 and above). Thus, B57600 & CBAUDEX is nonzero.

Setting the baud rate to a value other than those defined by Bnnn constants is possible via the TCSETS2 ioctl; see ioctl_tty(2).

cfgetispeed() returns the input baud rate stored in the termios structure.

cfsetispeed() sets the input baud rate stored in the termios structure to speed, which must be specified as one of the Bnnn constants listed above for cfsetospeed(). If the input baud rate is set to the literal constant 0 (not the symbolic constant B0), the input baud rate will be equal to the output baud rate.

cfsetspeed() is a 4.4BSD extension. It takes the same arguments as cfsetispeed(), and sets both input and output speed.