Macro reference preliminaries¶

Each macro is described in a tagged paragraph. Closely related macros, such as .EX and .EE, are grouped together.

Optional macro arguments are indicated by surrounding them with square brackets. If a macro accepts multiple arguments, arguments containing whitespace must be double-quoted ("one two"), to be interpreted correctly. Most macro arguments are strings that will be output as text; exceptions are noted.

Bear in mind that groff is fundamentally a programming system for typesetting. Consequently, the verb “to set” is frequently used below in the sense “to typeset”.

Document structure macros¶

The highest level of organization of a man page is determined by this group of macros. .TH (title heading) identifies the document as a man page and defines information enabling its indexing by mandb(8) or a similar tool. Sections (.SH), one of which is mandatory and many of which are standardized, facilitate quick location of relevant material by the reader and aid the man page writer to discuss all essential aspects of the topic. Subsections (.SS) are optional and permit sections that grow long to develop in a controlled way. Many technical discussions require examples; lengthy ones, especially those reflecting multiple lines of input to or output from the system, are usefully bracketed by .EX and .EE. When none of the foregoing meets a structural demand, a section of the discussion can be manually indented within .RS and .RE macros.

.TH title section [footer-middle] [footer-outside] [header-middle]

Define the title of the man page as title and the section as section. See man(1) for details on the section numbers and suffixes applicable to your system. title and section are positioned together at the left and right in the header line (with section in parentheses immediately appended to title). footer-middle is centered in the footer line. footer-outside is positioned at the left in the footer line (or at the left on even pages and at the right on odd pages if double-sided printing is active). header-middle is centered in the header line. If section is a simple integer between 1 and 9 (inclusive), or is exactly “3p”, there is no need to specify header-middle; the macro package will supply text for it.

For HTML output, headers and footers are completely suppressed.

Additionally, this macro starts a new page; the page number is reset to 1 (unless the -rC1 option is given on the command line). This feature is intended only for formatting multiple man pages.

A man page should contain exactly one .TH call at or near the beginning of the file, prior to any other macro calls.

By convention, footer-middle is the most recent modification date of the man page source document, and footer-outside is the name and version or release of the project providing it.

.SH [heading-text]

Set heading-text as a section heading flush left. The text following .SH up to the end of the line, or the text on the next input line if .SH is given no arguments, is set in bold (or the font specified by the string register HF) slightly larger than the base font size. Additionally, the left margin and indentation affecting subsequent text are reset to their default values. Text on input lines after heading-text is set as a normal paragraph (.PP).

The content of heading-text and ordering of sections has been standardized by common practice, as has much of the layout of material within sections. For example, a section called “Name” or “NAME” must exist, must be the first section after the .TH call, and must contain only a line of the form

.SS [subheading-text]

Set subheading-text as a subsection heading indented (by default) partway between a section heading and a normally-indented paragraph (.PP). The text following .SS up to the end of the line, or the text on the next input line if .SS is given no arguments, is set in bold (or the font specified by the string register HF) at the base font size. Additionally, the left margin and indentation affecting subsequent text are reset to their default values. Text on input lines after subheading-text is set as a normal paragraph (.PP).

.EX

.EE

Begin and end example. After .EX, filling and hyphenation are disabled and a constant-width (monospaced) font is selected. Calling .EE enables filling and restores the previous hyphenation setting and font.

Example regions are useful for formatting code, shell sessions, and text file contents.

These macros are defined on many (but not all) legacy Unix systems running classic troff. To be certain your page will be portable to those systems, copy their definitions from the an-ext.tmac file of a groff installation.

.RS [indent]

Move the left margin to the right by the value indent, if specified, and by a default amount otherwise; see subsection “Horizontal and vertical spacing” below. Calls to .RS can be nested; each call increments by 1 the indentation level used by .RE. The indentation level prior to any .RS calls is 1.

.RE [level]

Move the left margin back to that corresponding to indentation level level. If no argument is given, move the left margin one level back.

Paragraph macros¶

A typical paragraph (.PP) is set at the current left margin, which by default is indented from the left margin of the output device. In man pages and other technical literature, definition lists are frequently encountered; these can be set as “tagged paragraphs” (.TP and .TQ), which have one or more leading tags followed by a paragraph that has an additional left indent. The indented paragraph (.IP) macro is useful to continue the indented content of a narrative started with .TP, or to present an itemized or ordered list.

.LP

.PP

.P

Begin a new paragraph; these macros are synonymous. They break the output line at the current position, followed by a vertical space downward by a default amount (which can be changed by the deprecated .PD macro). The font size and style are reset to defaults; see subsection “Font style macros” below. Finally, the left margin and indentation are reset to default values.

.TP [indent]

Set a tagged, indented paragraph. The input line following this macro, known as the tag, is printed at the current left margin. Subsequent text is indented by indent, if specified, and by a default amount otherwise; see subsection “Horizontal and vertical spacing” below.

If the tag is not as wide as the indentation, the paragraph starts on the same line as the tag, at the applicable indentation, and continues on the following lines. Otherwise, the descriptive part of the paragraph begins on the line following the tag, entirely indented. The line containing the tag can include a macro call, for instance to set the tag in bold with .B.

.TP was used to write the first paragraph of this description of .TP, and .IP the subsequent ones.

.TQ

Set an additional tag for a paragraph tagged with .TP. The pending output line is broken. The tag on the input line following this macro and subsequent lines are handled as with .TP.

This macro is not defined on legacy Unix systems running classic troff. To be certain your page will be portable to those systems, copy its definition from the an-ext.tmac file of a groff installation.

The descriptions of .LP, .PP, and .P above were written using .TP and .TQ.

.IP [tag] [indent]

Set an indented paragraph with an optional tag. The tag and indent arguments, if present, are handled as with .TP, with the exception that the tag argument to .IP cannot include a macro call.

Two convenient use cases for .IP are

Command synopsis macros¶

Command synopses are a staple of section 1 and 8 man pages. These macros aid you to construct one that has the classical Unix appearance. Furthermore, some tools are able to interpret these macros semantically and treat them appropriately for localization and/or presentation. A command synopsis is wrapped in .SY/.YS calls, with command-line options of some formats indicated by .OP.

These macros are not defined on legacy Unix systems running classic troff. To be certain your page will be portable to those systems, copy their definitions from the an-ext.tmac file of a groff installation.

.SY command

Begin synopsis. Hyphenation is turned off. The command argument is set in bold. The output line is filled as normal, but if a break is required, subsequent output lines are indented by the width of command plus a space.

.OP option-name [option-argument]

Indicate an optional command parameter called option-name, which is set in bold. If the option takes an argument, specify option-argument using a noun, abbreviation, or hyphenated noun phrase. If present, option-argument is preceded by a space and set in italics. Square brackets (in roman) surround both arguments.

.YS

End synopsis. Restore indentation and hyphenation to previous values.

Multiple .SY/.YS blocks can be specified, for instance to distinguish differing modes of operation of a complex command like tar(1); each will be separated by a paragraph space.

.SY can also be repeated multiple times before a closing .YS, which is useful to indicate synonymous ways of invoking a particular mode of operation.

For example,

.SY groff
.OP \-abcegiklpstzCEGNRSUVXZ
.OP \-d cs
.OP \-f fam
.OP \-F dir
.OP \-I dir
.OP \-K arg
.OP \-L arg
.OP \-m name
.OP \-M dir
.OP \-n num
.OP \-o list
.OP \-P arg
.OP \-r cn
.OP \-T dev
.OP \-w name
.OP \-W name
.RI [ file
\&.\|.\|.\&]
.YS
.
.SY groff
.B \-h
.SY groff
.B \-\-help
.YS

produces the following output.

Several features of the above example are of note.

• The empty request (.), which does nothing, is used for vertical spacing in the input file for readability by the document maintainer. Do not put empty lines in a roff source document.
• The command and option names are presented in bold to cue the user that they should be input literally.
• Option dashes are specified with the ‘\-’ escape sequence; this is an important practice to make them clearly visible and to facilitate cut-and-paste from the rendered man page to a shell prompt or text file.
• Option arguments and command operands are presented in italics (underlined on some output devices, such as terminals and emulators), to cue the user that they must be replaced with appropriate text.
• Symbols that are neither to be typed literally nor simply replaced appear in the roman style; brackets surround optional arguments, and an ellipsis indicates that the previous syntactical element may be repeated arbitrarily.

Some man pages use a brace-and-pipe notation such as “{--diff|--compare}” to indicate that one and only one of the ‘|’-separated items within the braces must be input. If this braced construct is furthermore surrounded by square brackets, it means that at most one of the items is accepted.

Authors of man pages should note the use of the zero-width space escape sequence ‘\&’ on both sides of the ellipsis; this is a good practice to avoid surprises in the event the ellipsis gets refilled in your text editor. See “Portability”, below. The morbidly curious may consult groff(7) regarding the narrow-space escape sequence ‘\|’.

Hyperlink and email macros¶

Email addresses are bracketed with .MT/.ME and URL hyperlinks with .UR/.UE.

These macros are not defined on legacy Unix systems running classic troff. To be certain your page will be portable to those systems, copy their definitions from the an-ext.tmac file of a groff installation.

.MT address

.ME [punctuation]

Identify address as an RFC 6068 addr-spec for a “mailto:” URI with the text between the two macro calls as the link text. A punctuation argument to .ME is placed at the end of the link text without intervening space. Note that address may not be visible in the output text, particularly if the man page is being viewed as HTML. On a device that is not a browser, address is set in angle brackets after the link text and before punctuation.

When rendered by groff to a TTY or PostScript output device,

displays as: “Contact Fred Foonly ⟨fred.foonly@fubar.net⟩ for more information.”.

The use of ‘\:’ to insert hyphenless discretionary breaks is a groff extension and can be omitted.

.UR URL

.UE [punctuation]

Identify URL as an RFC 3986 URI hyperlink with the text between the two macro calls as the link text. A punctuation argument to .UE is placed at the end of the link text without intervening space. Note that URL may not be visible in the output text, particularly if the man page is being viewed as HTML. On a device that is not a browser, URL is set in angle brackets after the link text and before punctuation.

When rendered by groff to a TTY or PostScript output device,

displays as: “The GNU Project of the Free Software Foundation hosts the Groff home page ⟨https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩.”.

The use of ‘\:’ to insert hyphenless discretionary breaks is a groff extension and can be omitted.

Font style macros¶

The man macro package is limited in its font styling options, offering only bold (.B), italic (.I), and roman (the default). Italic text is usually set underscored instead on terminals and other classical nroff-style output devices. The .SM and .SB macros set text in roman or bold, respectively, at a smaller point size; these differ visually from regular-sized roman or bold text only on troff-style output devices. The foregoing macros cause word breaks before and after their arguments, but it is often necessary to set text in different styles without intervening whitespace. The macros .BI, .BR, .IB, .IR, .RB, and .RI, where ‘B’, ‘I’, and ‘R’ indicate bold, italic, and roman, respectively, set their odd- and even-numbered arguments in alternating styles, with no whitespace separating them.

Because font styles are presentational rather than semantic, conflicting traditions have arisen regarding which font styles should be used to mark file or path names, environment variables, in-line literals, and even man page cross-references.

The default font size and family (for troff output devices) is 10-point Times. The default style is roman.

.B [text]

Set text in bold. If the macro is given no arguments, the text of the next input line is set in bold.

Use bold for literal portions of syntax synopses, for command-line options in running text, and for literals that are major topics of the subject under discussion; for example, this page uses bold for macro and register names. In .EX/.EE examples of interactive I/O (such as a shell session), set only the user-typed input in bold.

.I [text]

Set text in italics. If the macro is given no arguments, the text of the next input line is set in italics.

Use italics for file and path names, for environment variables, for enumeration or preprocessor constants in C, for variable (user-determined) portions of syntax synopses, for the first occurrence only of a technical concept being introduced, for names of works of software (including commands and functions, but excluding names of operating systems or their kernels), and anywhere a parameter requiring replacement by the user is encountered. An exception involves variable text in a context that is already marked up in italics, such as file or path names with variable components; in such cases, follow the convention of mathematical typography: set the file or path name in italics as usual (see .IR below), but use roman for the variable part, and italics again in running roman text when referring to the variable material.

.SM [text]

Set text one point size smaller than the default size. If the macro is given no arguments, the text of the next input line is set smaller.

Note: nroff-style output devices, such as terminals, will render text at the normal font size instead. Do not rely upon .SM to communicate semantic information distinct from using roman style at the normal size; it will be hidden from readers using such devices.

.SB [text]

Set text in bold, one point size smaller than the default size. If the macro is given no arguments, the text of the next input line is set smaller and in bold.

Note: nroff-style output devices, such as terminals, will render text in bold at the normal font size instead. Do not rely upon .SB to communicate semantic information distinct from using bold style at the normal size; it will be hidden from readers using such devices.

Note what is not prescribed for setting in bold or italics above: elements of “synopsis language” such as ellipses and brackets around options; proper names and adjectives; titles of anything other than works of literature or software; identifiers for standards documents or technical reports such as CSTR #54, RFC 1918, Unicode 11.0, or POSIX.1-2017; acronyms; and occurrences after the first of a technical term or piece of jargon. Again, the names of operating systems and their kernels are, by practically universal convention, set in roman.

Be frugal with the use of italics for emphasis, and particularly with the use of bold. Brief runs of literal text, such as references to individual characters or short strings, including section and subsection headings of man pages, are suitable objects for quotation; see the ‘\(lq’, ‘\(rq’, ‘\(oq’, and ‘\(cq’ escapes in subsection “Portability” below.

Unlike the above font style macros, the font alternation macros below accept only arguments on the same line as the macro call. If whitespace is required within one of the arguments, first consider whether the same result could be achieved with as much clarity by using the single-style macros on separate input lines. When it cannot, double-quote an argument with one or more embedded space characters. Setting all three different styles within one whitespace-delimited word presents challenges; it is possible with the ‘\c’ and/or ‘\f’ escapes, but see subsection “Portability” below for caveats.

.BI bold-text italic-text ...

Set each argument in bold and italics, alternately.

.BR bold-text roman-text ...

Set each argument in bold and roman, alternately.

.IB italic-text bold-text ...

Set each argument in italics and bold, alternately.

.IR italic-text roman-text ...

Set each argument in italics and roman, alternately.

.RB roman-text bold-text ...

Set each argument in roman and bold, alternately.

.RI roman-text italic-text ...

Set each argument in roman and italics, alternately.

Horizontal and vertical spacing¶

The indent argument accepted by .RS, .IP, .TP, and the deprecated .HP is a number plus an optional scaling indicator. If no scaling indicator is given, the man package assumes ‘n’; that is, the width of a letter “n” in the font current when the macro is called. See section “Numerical Expressions” in groff(7) for further details. An indent specified in a call to .IP, .TP, or the deprecated .HP persists until (1) another of these macros is called with an explicit indent argument, or (2) .SH, .SS, or .PP or its synonyms is called; these clear the indent entirely.

Indents set by .RS move the left margin and persist until .RS, .RE, .SH, or .SS is called. The default indentation, exhibited by ordinary .PP paragraphs not within an .RS/.RE relative indent, is 7.2n in troff mode and 7n in nroff mode. The HTML output device is an exception; it ignores indentation completely. This same indentation is used again (additively) for the defaults of .IP, .TP, .RS, and the deprecated .HP. Section headings (.SH) are set flush with the left margin of the output device, and subsection headings (.SS) are indented 3n.

Resist the temptation to mock up tabular or multi-column output with ASCII tab characters or the indentation arguments to .IP, .TP, .RS, or the deprecated .HP; the result may not render comprehensibly on an output device you fail to check, or which is developed in the future. The table preprocessor tbl(1) can likely meet your needs.

The following macros cause a line break with the insertion of vertical space: .SH, .SS, .TP, .TQ, .PP (and its synonyms), .IP, and the deprecated .HP. The default inter-section and inter-paragraph spacing is 1 line in nroff mode, and 0.4v in troff mode. (The deprecated macro .PD can change this vertical spacing, but its use is discouraged.) The macros .RS, .RE, .EX, and .EE also cause a break but no insertion of vertical space.

Number registers¶

Number registers are described in section “Options” below.

String registers¶

The following strings are defined.

\*R

expands to the character escape for the “registered sign” glyph, ‘\(rg’, if available, and “(Reg.)” otherwise.

\*S

expands to an escape setting the font size to the document default.

\*(HF

expands to the font identifier used to print headings and subheadings. The default is ‘B’.

\*(lq

\*(rq

expand to the character escapes for left and right double-quotation marks, ‘\(lq’ and ‘\(rq’, respectively.

\*(Tm

expands to the character escape for the “trade mark sign” glyph, ‘\(tm’, if available, and “(TM)” otherwise.

Interaction with preprocessors¶

When a preprocessor like tbl or eqn is needed, a hint can be given to the man page formatter by making the first line of a man page look like this:

Note that the line starts with an apostrophe ('), not a dot, and that a single space character follows the double quote. The word consists of one letter for each needed preprocessor: ‘e’ for eqn, ‘r’ for refer, and ‘t’ for tbl. Modern implementations of the man program interpret this first line and automatically call the right preprocessor(s).

The usual tbl and eqn macros for table and equation inclusion, .TS, .T&, .TE, .EQ, and .EN, may be used freely. Note that nroff output devices are extremely limited in presentation of mathematical equations.

Portability¶

The two major syntactical categories of roff languages are requests and escapes. Since the man macros are implemented in terms of groff requests and escapes, one can, in principle, supplement the functionality of man with these lower-level elements where necessary.

Note, however, that using raw groff requests is likely to make your page render poorly on the class of viewers that transform it to HTML. Some requests make implicit assumptions about things like character and page sizes that may not hold in an HTML environment; also, many of these viewers don't interpret the full groff vocabulary, a problem that can lead to portions of your text being silently dropped.

For portability to modern viewers, it is best to write your page entirely with the macros described in this page (except for the ones identified as deprecated, which should be avoided). The macros we have described as extensions (.EX/.EE, .SY/.OP/.YS, .UR/.UE, and .MT/.ME) should be used with caution, as they may not yet be built in to some viewer that is important to your audience. If in doubt, copy the implementation into your page—after the .TH call and the “Name” section, to accommodate timid mandb implementations.

Similar caveats apply to escapes. Some escape sequences are however required for correct typesetting even in man pages and usually do not cause portability problems:

\"

Comment. Everything after the double-quote to the end of the input line is ignored. Whole-line comments are frequently placed immediately after the empty request ‘.’.

\newline

Join the next input line to the current one. Except for the update of the input line counter (used for diagnostic messages and related purposes), a series of lines ending in backslash-newline is transparent to groff. Use this escape to break excessively input long lines for document maintenance.

\~

Adjustable, non-breaking space character. Use this escape to prevent a break inside a short phrase or between a numerical quantity and its corresponding unit(s).

\&

Zero-width space. Append to an input line to prevent an end-of-sentence punctuation sequence from being recognized as such, or insert at the beginning of an input line to prevent a dot or apostrophe from being interpreted as the beginning of a roff request.

\(aq

ASCII apostrophe. Use for syntax elements of programming languages because some output devices might replace unescaped apostrophes with right single quotation marks.

\(oq

Opening single quotation mark.

\(cq

Closing single quotation mark.

Use these for paired directional single quotes, ‘like this’.

\(dq

ASCII double-quote. Sometimes needed after macro calls to prevent the interpretation of the ASCII quotation mark character ‘"’ as the beginning or end of a macro argument.

\(lq

Left double quotation mark.

\(rq

Right double quotation mark.

Use these for paired directional double quotes, “like this”.

\(em

Em-dash. Use for an interruption in a sentence—such as this one.

\(en

En-dash. Use to separate the two ends of a range, in particular between numbers, for example: the digits 1–9.

\(ga

ASCII grave accent. Use for syntax elements of programming languages, for example shell command substitutions, because some output devices might replace unescaped grave accents with left single quotation marks.

\(ha

ASCII circumflex accent. Use for syntax elements of programming languages because some output devices might replace unescaped circumflex accents with non-ASCII glyphs like the Unicode U+02C6 modifier letter circumflex.

\(ti

ASCII tilde. Use for syntax elements of programming languages because some output devices might replace unescaped tildes with non-ASCII glyphs like the Unicode U+02DC small tilde.

\-

Minus sign. Also use this to display syntax elements that require the ASCII hyphen-minus character, for example command-line options and C language operators. The unescaped ‘-’ input character is not appropriate for these cases because it may render as a hyphen on some output devices.

\c

If this escape sequence occurs at the end of an input line, no white space is inserted between the last glyph on it and the first glyph resulting from the next input line. This is occasionally useful when three different fonts are needed in a single word.

Note that when using this trick with the .BI or .RI macros, you will need to manually add an italic correction escape ‘\/’ before the ‘\c’ due to way macros expand their arguments.

Alternatively, and perhaps with better portability, the ‘\f’ font escape sequence can be used; see below. Using ‘\c’ to include the output from more than one input line into the next-line argument of a .TP macro will render incorrectly with groff 1.22.3, mandoc 1.14.1, older versions of these programs, and perhaps with some other formatters.

\e

Widely used in man pages to represent a backslash output glyph. It works reliably as long as the .ec request is not used, which should never happen in man pages, and it is slightly more portable than the more exact ‘\(rs’ (“reverse solidus”) escape sequence.

\fB, \fI, \fR, \fP

Switch to bold, italic, roman, or back to the previous font, respectively. Either these or ‘\c’ is needed when three different fonts are required in a single whitespace-delimited word.

Font escapes may be more portable than ‘\c’. As shown above, it is up to you to account for italic corrections with ‘\/’ and ‘\,’, which are themselves groff extensions, if desired and if supported by your implementation.

Note that ‘\fP’ reliably returns to the style in use immediately preceding the previous ‘\f’ escape only if no sectioning, paragraph, or font face macro calls have intervened.

As long as only two fonts are needed in any single whitespace-delimited word, font alternation macros like .BI usually result in more readable source code than ‘\f’ escapes do.

For maximum portability, escape sequences and special characters not listed above are better avoided in man pages.

Deprecated features¶

Use of the following is discouraged.

.AT [system [release]]

Alter the footer for use with AT&T man pages, overriding any definition of the footer-outside argument to .TH. This macro exists only for compatibility; don't use it.

The first argument system can be:

The optional second argument release specifies the release number, such as in “System V Release 3”.

.BT

Set the page footer. Redefine this macro to get control of the footer.

.DT

Set tabs every 0.5 inches. Since this macro is always called during a .TH macro, it makes sense to call it only if the tab positions have been changed.

Use of this presentation-level macro is deprecated. It translates poorly to HTML, under which exact whitespace control and tabbing are not readily available. Thus, information or distinctions that you use .DT to express are likely to be lost. If you feel tempted to use it, you should probably be composing a table using tbl(1) markup instead.

.HP [indent]

Set up a paragraph with a hanging left indentation. The indent argument, if present, is handled as with .TP.

Use of this presentation-level macro is deprecated. While it is universally portable to legacy Unix systems, a hanging indentation cannot be expressed naturally under HTML, and many HTML-based manual viewers simply interpret it as a starter for a normal paragraph. Thus, any information or distinction you tried to express with the indentation may be lost.

.PD [vertical-space]

Define the vertical space between paragraphs or (sub)sections. The optional argument vertical-space specifies the amount of space; the default scaling is ‘v’). Without an argument, the spacing is reset to its default value; see “Horizontal and vertical spacing” above.

Use of this presentation-level macro is deprecated. It translates poorly to HTML, under which exact control of inter-paragraph spacing is not readily available. Thus, information or distinctions that you use .PD to express are likely to be lost.

.PT

Set the page header. Redefine this macro to get control of the header.

.UC [version]

Alter the footer for use with BSD man pages, overriding any definition of the footer-outside argument to .TH. This macro exists only for compatibility; don't use it.

The argument version can be:

History¶

According to its own man(7) page, Version 7 Unix (1979) supported all of the macros described in this page not listed as GNU extensions, except .P, .SB, .SS, and the deprecated .AT, .BT, .PT, and .UC. The only string registers defined were R and S; no number registers were documented.