Auto-possessification¶

At compile time, PCRE2 "auto-possessifies" repeated items when it knows that what follows cannot be part of the repeat. For example, a+[bc] is compiled as if it were a++[bc]. The pcre2test output when this pattern is compiled with PCRE2_ANCHORED and PCRE2_AUTO_CALLOUT and then applied to the string "aaaa" is:

--->aaaa
+0 ^ a+
+2 ^ ^ [bc]
No match

This indicates that when matching [bc] fails, there is no backtracking into a+ (because it is being treated as a++) and therefore the callouts that would be taken for the backtracks do not occur. You can disable the auto-possessify feature by passing PCRE2_NO_AUTO_POSSESS to pcre2_compile(), or starting the pattern with (*NO_AUTO_POSSESS). In this case, the output changes to this:

--->aaaa
+0 ^ a+
+2 ^ ^ [bc]
+2 ^ ^ [bc]
+2 ^ ^ [bc]
+2 ^^ [bc]
No match

This time, when matching [bc] fails, the matcher backtracks into a+ and tries again, repeatedly, until a+ itself fails.

Automatic .* anchoring¶

By default, an optimization is applied when .* is the first significant item in a pattern. If PCRE2_DOTALL is set, so that the dot can match any character, the pattern is automatically anchored. If PCRE2_DOTALL is not set, a match can start only after an internal newline or at the beginning of the subject, and pcre2_compile() remembers this. If a pattern has more than one top-level branch, automatic anchoring occurs if all branches are anchorable.

This optimization is disabled, however, if .* is in an atomic group or if there is a backreference to the capture group in which it appears. It is also disabled if the pattern contains (*PRUNE) or (*SKIP). However, the presence of callouts does not affect it.

For example, if the pattern .*\d is compiled with PCRE2_AUTO_CALLOUT and applied to the string "aa", the pcre2test output is:

--->aa
+0 ^ .*
+2 ^ ^ \d
+2 ^^ \d
+2 ^ \d
No match

This shows that all match attempts start at the beginning of the subject. In other words, the pattern is anchored. You can disable this optimization by passing PCRE2_NO_DOTSTAR_ANCHOR to pcre2_compile(), or starting the pattern with (*NO_DOTSTAR_ANCHOR). In this case, the output changes to:

--->aa
+0 ^ .*
+2 ^ ^ \d
+2 ^^ \d
+2 ^ \d
+0 ^ .*
+2 ^^ \d
+2 ^ \d
No match

This shows more match attempts, starting at the second subject character. Another optimization, described in the next section, means that there is no subsequent attempt to match with an empty subject.

Other optimizations¶

Other optimizations that provide fast "no match" results also affect callouts. For example, if the pattern is

ab(?C4)cd

PCRE2 knows that any matching string must contain the letter "d". If the subject string is "abyz", the lack of "d" means that matching doesn't ever start, and the callout is never reached. However, with "abyd", though the result is still no match, the callout is obeyed.

For most patterns PCRE2 also knows the minimum length of a matching string, and will immediately give a "no match" return without actually running a match if the subject is not long enough, or, for unanchored patterns, if it has been scanned far enough.

You can disable these optimizations by passing the PCRE2_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option to pcre2_compile(), or by starting the pattern with (*NO_START_OPT). This slows down the matching process, but does ensure that callouts such as the example above are obeyed.

Fields for numerical callouts¶

For a numerical callout, callout_string is NULL, and callout_number contains the number of the callout, in the range 0-255. This is the number that follows (?C for callouts that part of the pattern; it is 255 for automatically generated callouts.

Fields for string callouts¶

For callouts with string arguments, callout_number is always zero, and callout_string points to the string that is contained within the compiled pattern. Its length is given by callout_string_length. Duplicated ending delimiters that were present in the original pattern string have been turned into single characters, but there is no other processing of the callout string argument. An additional code unit containing binary zero is present after the string, but is not included in the length. The delimiter that was used to start the string is also stored within the pattern, immediately before the string itself. You can access this delimiter as callout_string[-1] if you need it.

The callout_string_offset field is the code unit offset to the start of the callout argument string within the original pattern string. This is provided for the benefit of applications such as script languages that might need to report errors in the callout string within the pattern.

Fields for all callouts¶

The remaining fields in the callout block are the same for both kinds of callout.

The offset_vector field is a pointer to a vector of capturing offsets (the "ovector"). You may read the elements in this vector, but you must not change any of them.

For calls to pcre2_match(), the offset_vector field is not (since release 10.30) a pointer to the actual ovector that was passed to the matching function in the match data block. Instead it points to an internal ovector of a size large enough to hold all possible captured substrings in the pattern. Note that whenever a recursion or subroutine call within a pattern completes, the capturing state is reset to what it was before.

The capture_last field contains the number of the most recently captured substring, and the capture_top field contains one more than the number of the highest numbered captured substring so far. If no substrings have yet been captured, the value of capture_last is 0 and the value of capture_top is 1. The values of these fields do not always differ by one; for example, when the callout in the pattern ((a)(b))(?C2) is taken, capture_last is 1 but capture_top is 4.

The contents of ovector[2] to ovector[<capture_top>*2-1] can be inspected in order to extract substrings that have been matched so far, in the same way as extracting substrings after a match has completed. The values in ovector[0] and ovector[1] are always PCRE2_UNSET because the match is by definition not complete. Substrings that have not been captured but whose numbers are less than capture_top also have both of their ovector slots set to PCRE2_UNSET.

For DFA matching, the offset_vector field points to the ovector that was passed to the matching function in the match data block for callouts at the top level, but to an internal ovector during the processing of pattern recursions, lookarounds, and atomic groups. However, these ovectors hold no useful information because pcre2_dfa_match() does not support substring capturing. The value of capture_top is always 1 and the value of capture_last is always 0 for DFA matching.

The subject and subject_length fields contain copies of the values that were passed to the matching function.

The start_match field normally contains the offset within the subject at which the current match attempt started. However, if the escape sequence \K has been encountered, this value is changed to reflect the modified starting point. If the pattern is not anchored, the callout function may be called several times from the same point in the pattern for different starting points in the subject.

The current_position field contains the offset within the subject of the current match pointer.

The pattern_position field contains the offset in the pattern string to the next item to be matched.

The next_item_length field contains the length of the next item to be processed in the pattern string. When the callout is at the end of the pattern, the length is zero. When the callout precedes an opening parenthesis, the length includes meta characters that follow the parenthesis. For example, in a callout before an assertion such as (?=ab) the length is 3. For an alternation bar or a closing parenthesis, the length is one, unless a closing parenthesis is followed by a quantifier, in which case its length is included. (This changed in release 10.23. In earlier releases, before an opening parenthesis the length was that of the entire group, and before an alternation bar or a closing parenthesis the length was zero.)

The pattern_position and next_item_length fields are intended to help in distinguishing between different automatic callouts, which all have the same callout number. However, they are set for all callouts, and are used by pcre2test to show the next item to be matched when displaying callout information.

In callouts from pcre2_match() the mark field contains a pointer to the zero-terminated name of the most recently passed (*MARK), (*PRUNE), or (*THEN) item in the match, or NULL if no such items have been passed. Instances of (*PRUNE) or (*THEN) without a name do not obliterate a previous (*MARK). In callouts from the DFA matching function this field always contains NULL.

The callout_flags field is always zero in callouts from pcre2_dfa_match() or when JIT is being used. When pcre2_match() without JIT is used, the following bits may be set:

PCRE2_CALLOUT_STARTMATCH

This is set for the first callout after the start of matching for each new starting position in the subject.

PCRE2_CALLOUT_BACKTRACK

This is set if there has been a matching backtrack since the previous callout, or since the start of matching if this is the first callout from a pcre2_match() run.

Both bits are set when a backtrack has caused a "bumpalong" to a new starting position in the subject. Output from pcre2test does not indicate the presence of these bits unless the callout_extra modifier is set.

The information in the callout_flags field is provided so that applications can track and tell their users how matching with backtracking is done. This can be useful when trying to optimize patterns, or just to understand how PCRE2 works. There is no support in pcre2_dfa_match() because there is no backtracking in DFA matching, and there is no support in JIT because JIT is all about maximimizing matching performance. In both these cases the callout_flags field is always zero.