NAME¶

Class::InsideOut::Manual::About - guide to this and other implementations of the inside-out technique

VERSION¶

version 1.13

DESCRIPTION¶

This manual provides an overview of the inside-out technique and its application within "Class::InsideOut" and other modules. It also provides a list of references for further study.

Inside-out object basics¶

Inside-out objects use the blessed reference as an index into lexical data structures holding object properties, rather than using the blessed reference itself as a data structure.

  $self->{ name }        = "Larry"; # classic, hash-based object
  $name{ refaddr $self } = "Larry"; # inside-out

The inside-out approach offers three major benefits:

•

Enforced encapsulation: object properties cannot be accessed directly from outside the lexical scope that declared them

•

Making the property name part of a lexical variable rather than a hash-key means that typos in the name will be caught as compile-time errors (if using strict)

•

If the memory address of the blessed reference is used as the index, the reference can be of any type

In exchange for these benefits, robust implementation of inside-out objects can be quite complex. "Class::InsideOut" manages that complexity.

Philosophy of "Class::InsideOut"¶

"Class::InsideOut" provides a set of tools for building safe inside-out classes with maximum flexibility. It aims to offer minimal restrictions beyond those necessary for robustness of the inside-out technique. All capabilities necessary for robustness should be automatic. Anything that can be optional should be. The design should not introduce new restrictions unrelated to inside-out objects, such as attributes and "CHECK" blocks that cause problems for "mod_perl" or the use of source filters for syntactic sugar. As a result, only a few things are mandatory:

•

Properties must be based on hashes and declared via "property"

•

Property hashes must be keyed on the "Scalar::Util::refaddr"

•

"register" must be called on all new objects

All other implementation details, including constructors, initializers and class inheritance management are left to the user (though a very simple constructor is available as a convenience). This does requires some additional work, but maximizes freedom. "Class::InsideOut" is intended to be a base class providing only fundamental features. Subclasses of "Class::InsideOut" could be written that build upon it to provide particular styles of constructor, destructor and inheritance support.

Other modules on CPAN¶

•

Object::InsideOut -- This is perhaps the most full-featured, robust implementation of inside-out objects currently on CPAN. It is highly recommended if a more full-featured inside-out object builder is needed. Its array-based mode is faster than hash-based implementations, but black-box inheritance is handled via delegation, which imposes certain limitations.

•

Class::Std -- Despite the name, this does not reflect currently known best practices for inside-out objects. Does not provide thread-safety with CLONE and doesn't support black-box inheritance. Has a robust inheritance/initialization system.

•

Class::BuildMethods -- Generates accessors with encapsulated storage using a flyweight inside-out variant. Lexicals properties are hidden; accessors must be used everywhere. Not thread-safe.

•

Lexical::Attributes -- The original inside-out implementation, but missing some key features like thread-safety. Also, uses source filters to provide Perl-6-like object syntax. Not thread-safe.

•

Class::MakeMethods::Templates::InsideOut -- Not a very robust implementation. Not thread-safe. Not overloading-safe. Has a steep learning curve for the Class::MakeMethods system.

•

Object::LocalVars -- My own original thought experiment with 'outside-in' objects and local variable aliasing. Not safe for any production use and offers very weak encapsulation.

References for further study¶

Much of the Perl community discussion of inside-out objects has taken place on Perlmonks (<http://perlmonks.org>). My scratchpad there has a fairly comprehensive list of articles (<http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=360998>). Some of the more informative articles include:

•

Abigail-II. "Re: Where/When is OO useful?". July 1, 2002. <http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=178518>

•

Abigail-II. "Re: Tutorial: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming". December 11, 2002. <http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=219131>

•

demerphq. "Yet Another Perl Object Model (Inside Out Objects)". December 14, 2002. <http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=219924>

•

xdg. "Threads and fork and CLONE, oh my!". August 11, 2005. <http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=483162>

•

jdhedden. "Anti-inside-out-object-ism". December 9, 2005. <http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=515650>

SEE ALSO¶

•

Class::InsideOut

•

Class::InsideOut::Manual::Advanced

AUTHOR¶

David Golden <dagolden@cpan.org>

CONTRIBUTORS¶

•

Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

•

Toby Inkster <tonyink@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE¶

This software is Copyright (c) 2006 by David A. Golden. This is free software, licensed under:

  The Apache License, Version 2.0, January 2004