Name¶

Xtables-addons — additional extensions for iptables, ip6tables, etc.

Targets¶

ACCOUNT¶

The ACCOUNT target is a high performance accounting system for large local networks. It allows per-IP accounting in whole prefixes of IPv4 addresses with size of up to /8 without the need to add individual accouting rule for each IP address. The ACCOUNT is designed to be queried for data every second or at least every ten seconds. It is written as kernel module to handle high bandwidths without packet loss. The largest possible subnet size is 24 bit, meaning for example 10.0.0.0/8 network. ACCOUNT uses fixed internal data structures which speeds up the processing of each packet. Furthermore, accounting data for one complete 192.168.1.X/24 network takes 4 KB of memory. Memory for 16 or 24 bit networks is only allocated when needed. To optimize the kernel<->userspace data transfer a bit more, the kernel module only transfers information about IPs, where the src/dst packet counter is not 0. This saves precious kernel time. There is no /proc interface as it would be too slow for continuous access. The read-and-flush query operation is the fastest, as no internal data snapshot needs to be created&copied for all data. Use the "read" operation without flush only for debugging purposes! Usage: ACCOUNT takes two mandatory parameters:

--addr network/netmask

where network/netmask is the subnet to account for, in CIDR syntax

--tname NAME

where NAME is the name of the table where the accounting information should be stored

The subnet 0.0.0.0/0 is a special case: all data are then stored in the src_bytes and src_packets structure of slot "0". This is useful if you want to account the overall traffic to/from your internet provider. The data can be queried using the userspace libxt_ACCOUNT_cl library, and by the reference implementation to show usage of this library, the iptaccount(8) tool. Here is an example of use: iptables -A FORWARD -j ACCOUNT --addr 0.0.0.0/0 --tname all_outgoing; iptables -A FORWARD -j ACCOUNT --addr 192.168.1.0/24 --tname sales; This creates two tables called "all_outgoing" and "sales" which can be queried using the userspace library/iptaccount tool. Note that this target is non-terminating — the packet destined to it will continue traversing the chain in which it has been used. Also note that once a table has been defined for specific CIDR address/netmask block, it can be referenced multiple times using -j ACCOUNT, provided that both the original table name and address/netmask block are specified. For more information go to http://www.intra2net.com/en/developer/ipt_ACCOUNT/

CHAOS¶

Causes confusion on the other end by doing odd things with incoming packets. CHAOS will randomly reply (or not) with one of its configurable subtargets:

--delude

Use the REJECT and DELUDE targets as a base to do a sudden or deferred connection reset, fooling some network scanners to return non-deterministic (randomly open/closed) results, and in case it is deemed open, it is actually closed/filtered.

--tarpit

Use the REJECT and TARPIT target as a base to hold the connection until it times out. This consumes conntrack entries when connection tracking is loaded (which usually is on most machines), and routers inbetween you and the Internet may fail to do their connection tracking if they have to handle more connections than they can.

The randomness factor of not replying vs. replying can be set during load-time of the xt_CHAOS module or during runtime in /sys/modules/xt_CHAOS/parameters. See http://inai.de/projects/chaostables/ for more information about CHAOS, DELUDE and lscan.

DELUDE¶

The DELUDE target will reply to a SYN packet with SYN-ACK, and to all other packets with an RST. This will terminate the connection much like REJECT, but network scanners doing TCP half-open discovery can be spoofed to make them belive the port is open rather than closed/filtered.

DHCPMAC¶

In conjunction with ebtables, DHCPMAC can be used to completely change all MAC addresses from and to a VMware-based virtual machine. This is needed because VMware does not allow to set a non-VMware MAC address before an operating system is booted (and the MAC be changed with `ip link set eth0 address aa:bb..`).

--set-mac aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff[/mask]

Replace the client host MAC address field in the DHCP message with the given MAC address. This option is mandatory. The mask parameter specifies the prefix length of bits to change.

EXAMPLE, replacing all addresses from one of VMware's assigned vendor IDs (00:50:56) addresses with something else: iptables -t mangle -A FORWARD -p udp --dport 67 -m physdev --physdev-in vmnet1 -m dhcpmac --mac 00:50:56:00:00:00/24 -j DHCPMAC --set-mac ab:cd:ef:00:00:00/24 iptables -t mangle -A FORWARD -p udp --dport 68 -m physdev --physdev-out vmnet1 -m dhcpmac --mac ab:cd:ef:00:00:00/24 -j DHCPMAC --set-mac 00:50:56:00:00:00/24 (This assumes there is a bridge interface that has vmnet1 as a port. You will also need to add appropriate ebtables rules to change the MAC address of the Ethernet headers.)

DNETMAP¶

The DNETMAP target allows dynamic two-way 1:1 mapping of IPv4 subnets. A single rule can map a private subnet to a shorter public subnet, creating and maintaining unambiguous private-public IP address bindings. The second rule can be used to map new flows to a private subnet according to maintained bindings. The target allows efficient public IPv4 space usage and unambiguous NAT at the same time. The target can be used only in the nat table in POSTROUTING or OUTPUT chains for SNAT, and in PREROUTING for DNAT. Only flows directed to bound addresses will be DNATed. The packet continues chain traversal if there is no free postnat address to be assigned to the prenat address. The default binding TTL is 10 minutes and can be changed using the default_ttl module option. The default address hash size is 256 and can be changed using the hash_size module option.

--prefix addr/mask

The network subnet to map to. If not specified, all existing prefixes are used.

--reuse

Reuse the entry for a given prenat address from any prefix even if the binding's TTL is < 0.

--persistent

Set the prefix to be persistent. It will not be removed after deleting the last iptables rule. The option is effective only in the first rule for a given prefix. If you need to change persistency for an existing prefix, please use the procfs interface described below.

--static

Do not create dynamic mappings using this rule. Use static mappings only. Note that you need to create static mappings via the procfs interface for this rule for this option to have any effect.

--ttl seconds

Reset the binding's TTL value to seconds. If a negative value is specified, the binding's TTL is kept unchanged. If this option is not specified, then the default TTL value (600s) is used.

* /proc interface The module creates the following entries for each new specified subnet:

/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/subnet_mask

Contains the binding table for the given subnet/mask. Each line contains prenat address, postnat address, ttl (seconds until the entry times out), lasthit (last hit to the entry in seconds relative to system boot time). Please note that the ttl and lasthit entries contain an

/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/subnet_mask_stat

Contains statistics for a given subnet/mask. The line contains four numerical values separated by spaces. The first one is the number of currently used dynamic addresses (bindings with negative TTL excluded), the second one is the number of static assignments, the third one is the number of all usable addresses in the subnet, and the fourth one is the mean TTL value for all active entries. If the prefix has the persistent flag set, it will be noted as fifth entry.

The following write operations are supported via the procfs interface:

echo "+prenat-address:postnat-address" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/subnet_mask

Adds a static binding between the prenat and postnap address. If postnat_address is already bound, any previous binding will be timed out immediately. A static binding is never timed out.

echo "-address" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/subnet_mask

Removes the binding with address as prenat or postnat address. If the removed binding is currently static, it will make the entry available for dynamic allocation.

echo "+persistent" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/subnet_mask

Sets the persistent flag for the prefix. It is useful if you do not want bindings to get flushed when the firewall is restarted. You can check if the prefix is persistent by printing the contents of /proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/ subnet_mask_stat.

echo "-persistent" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/subnet_mask

Unsets the persistent flag for the prefix. In this mode, the prefix will be deleted if the last iptables rule for that prefix is removed.

echo "flush" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/subnet_mask

Flushes all bindings for the specific prefix. All static entries are also flushed and become available for dynamic bindings.

Note! Entries are removed if the last iptables rule for a specific prefix is deleted unless the persistent flag is set. * Logging The module logs binding add/timeout events to klog. This behaviour can be disabled using the disable_log module parameter. * Examples 1. Map subnet 192.168.0.0/24 to subnets 20.0.0.0/26. SNAT only: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DNETMAP --prefix 20.0.0.0/26 Active hosts from the 192.168.0.0/24 subnet are mapped to 20.0.0.0/26. If the packet from a not yet bound prenat address hits the rule and there are no free or timed-out (TTL<0) entries in prefix 20.0.0.0/28, then a notice is logged to klog and chain traversal continues. If packet from an already-bound prenat address hits the rule, the binding's TTL value is reset to default_ttl and SNAT is performed. 2. Use of --reuse and --ttl switches, multiple rule interaction: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DNETMAP --prefix 20.0.0.0/26 --reuse --ttl 200 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DNETMAP --prefix 30.0.0.0/26 Active hosts from 192.168.0.0/24 subnet are mapped to 20.0.0.0/26 with TTL = 200 seconds. If there are no free addresses in first prefix, the next one (30.0.0.0/26) is used with the default TTL. It is important to note that the first rule SNATs all flows whose source address is already actively bound (TTL>0) to ANY prefix. The --reuse parameter makes this functionality work even for inactive (TTL<0) entries. If both subnets are exhausted, then chain traversal continues. 3. Map 192.168.0.0/24 to subnets 20.0.0.0/26 in a bidirectional way: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DNETMAP --prefix 20.0.0.0/26 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -j DNETMAP If the host 192.168.0.10 generates some traffic, it gets bound to first free address in the subnet — 20.0.0.0. Now, any traffic directed to 20.0.0.0 gets DNATed to 192.168.0.10 as long as there is an active (TTL>0) binding. There is no need to specify --prefix parameter in a PREROUTING rule, because this way, it DNATs traffic to all active prefixes. You could specify the prefix you would like to make DNAT work for a specific prefix only. 4. Map 192.168.0.0/24 to subnets 20.0.0.0/26 with static assignments only: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DNETMAP --prefix 20.0.0.0/26 --static echo "+192.168.0.10:20.0.0.1" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/20.0.0.0_26 echo "+192.168.0.11:20.0.0.2" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/20.0.0.0_26 echo "+192.168.0.51:20.0.0.3" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/20.0.0.0_26 This configuration will allow only preconfigured static bindings to work due to the static rule option. Without this flag, dynamic bindings would be created using non-static entries. 5. Persistent prefix: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DNETMAP --prefix 20.0.0.0/26 --persistent or iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DNETMAP --prefix 20.0.0.0/26 echo "+persistent" >/proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/20.0.0.0_26 Now, we can check the persistent flag of the prefix: cat /proc/net/xt_DNETMAP/20.0.0.0_26 0 0 64 0 persistent Flush the iptables nat table and see that prefix is still in existence: iptables -F -t nat ls -l /proc/net/xt_DNETMAP -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 06-10 09:01 20.0.0.0_26 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 06-10 09:01 20.0.0.0_26_stat

ECHO¶

The ECHO target will send back all packets it received. It serves as an examples for an Xtables target. ECHO takes no options.

IPMARK¶

Allows you to mark a received packet basing on its IP address. This can replace many mangle/mark entries with only one, if you use firewall based classifier. This target is to be used inside the mangle table.

--addr {src|dst}

Select source or destination IP address as a basis for the mark.

--and-mask mask

Perform bitwise AND on the IP address and this bitmask.

--or-mask mask

Perform bitwise OR on the IP address and this bitmask.

--shift value

Shift addresses to the right by the given number of bits before taking it as a mark. (This is done before ANDing or ORing it.) This option is needed to select part of an IPv6 address, because marks are only 32 bits in size.

The order of IP address bytes is reversed to meet "human order of bytes": 192.168.0.1 is 0xc0a80001. At first the "AND" operation is performed, then "OR". Examples: We create a queue for each user, the queue number is adequate to the IP address of the user, e.g.: all packets going to/from 192.168.5.2 are directed to 1:0502 queue, 192.168.5.12 -> 1:050c etc. We have one classifier rule:

tc filter add dev eth3 parent 1:0 protocol ip fw

Earlier we had many rules just like below:

iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -o eth3 -d 192.168.5.2 -j MARK --set-mark 0x10502

iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -o eth3 -d 192.168.5.3 -j MARK --set-mark 0x10503

Using IPMARK target we can replace all the mangle/mark rules with only one:

iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -o eth3 -j IPMARK --addr dst --and-mask 0xffff --or-mask 0x10000

On the routers with hundreds of users there should be significant load decrease (e.g. twice). (IPv6 example) If the source address is of the form 2001:db8:45:1d:20d:93ff:fe9b:e443 and the resulting mark should be 0x93ff, then a right-shift of 16 is needed first:

-t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 2001:db8::/32 -j IPMARK --addr src --shift 16 --and-mask 0xFFFF

LOGMARK¶

The LOGMARK target will log packet and connection marks to syslog.

--log-level level

A logging level between 0 and 8 (inclusive).

--log-prefix string

Prefix log messages with the specified prefix; up to 29 bytes long, and useful for distinguishing messages in the logs.

SYSRQ¶

The SYSRQ target allows to remotely trigger sysrq on the local machine over the network. This can be useful when vital parts of the machine hang, for example an oops in a filesystem causing locks to be not released and processes to get stuck as a result — if still possible, use /proc/sysrq-trigger. Even when processes are stuck, interrupts are likely to be still processed, and as such, sysrq can be triggered through incoming network packets. The xt_SYSRQ implementation uses a salted hash and a sequence number to prevent network sniffers from either guessing the password or replaying earlier requests. The initial sequence number comes from the time of day so you will have a small window of vulnerability should time go backwards at a reboot. However, the file /sys/module/xt_SYSREQ/seqno can be used to both query and update the current sequence number. Also, you should limit as to who can issue commands using -s and/or -m mac, and also that the destination is correct using -d (to protect against potential broadcast packets), noting that it is still short of MAC/IP spoofing:

-A INPUT -s 10.10.25.1 -m mac --mac-source aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff -d 10.10.25.7 -p udp --dport 9 -j SYSRQ

(with IPsec) -A INPUT -s 10.10.25.1 -d 10.10.25.7 -m policy --dir in --pol ipsec --proto esp --tunnel-src 10.10.25.1 --tunnel-dst 10.10.25.7 -p udp --dport 9 -j SYSRQ

You should also limit the rate at which connections can be received to limit the CPU time taken by illegal requests, for example:

-A INPUT -s 10.10.25.1 -m mac --mac-source aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff -d 10.10.25.7 -p udp --dport 9 -m limit --limit 5/minute -j SYSRQ

This extension does not take any options. The -p udp options are required. The SYSRQ password can be changed through /sys/module/xt_SYSRQ/parameters/password, for example:

echo -n "password" >/sys/module/xt_SYSRQ/parameters/password

The module will not respond to sysrq requests until a password has been set. Alternatively, the password may be specified at modprobe time, but this is insecure as people can possible see it through ps(1). You can use an option line in e.g. /etc/modprobe.d/xt_sysrq if it is properly guarded, that is, only readable by root.

options xt_SYSRQ password=cookies

The hash algorithm can also be specified as a module option, for example, to use SHA-256 instead of the default SHA-1:

options xt_SYSRQ hash=sha256

The xt_SYSRQ module is normally silent unless a successful request is received, but the debug module parameter can be used to find exactly why a seemingly correct request is not being processed. To trigger SYSRQ from a remote host, just use socat:

sysrq_key="s"  # the SysRq key(s)
password="password"
seqno="$(date +%s)"
salt="$(dd bs=12 count=1 if=/dev/urandom 2>/dev/null |
    openssl enc -base64)"
ipaddr="2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329"
req="$sysrq_key,$seqno,$salt"
req="$req,$(echo -n "$req,$ipaddr,$password" | sha1sum | cut -c1-40)"

echo "$req" | socat stdin udp-sendto:$ipaddr:9

See the Linux docs for possible sysrq keys. Important ones are: re(b)oot, power(o)ff, (s)ync filesystems, (u)mount and remount readonly. More than one sysrq key can be used at once, but bear in mind that, for example, a sync may not complete before a subsequent reboot or poweroff. An IPv4 address should have no leading zeros, an IPv6 address should be in the full expanded form (as shown above). The debug option will cause output to be emitted in the same form. The hashing scheme should be enough to prevent mis-use of SYSRQ in many environments, but it is not perfect: take reasonable precautions to protect your machines.

TARPIT¶

Captures and holds incoming TCP connections using no local per-connection resources. TARPIT only works at the TCP level, and is totally application agnostic. This module will answer a TCP request and play along like a listening server, but aside from sending an ACK or RST, no data is sent. Incoming packets are ignored and dropped. The attacker will terminate the session eventually. This module allows the initial packets of an attack to be captured by other software for inspection. In most cases this is sufficient to determine the nature of the attack. This offers similar functionality to LaBrea <http://www.hackbusters.net/LaBrea/> but does not require dedicated hardware or IPs. Any TCP port that you would normally DROP or REJECT can instead become a tarpit.

--tarpit

This mode completes a connection with the attacker but limits the window size to 0, thus keeping the attacker waiting long periods of time. While he is maintaining state of the connection and trying to continue every 60-240 seconds, we keep none, so it is very lightweight. Attempts to close the connection are ignored, forcing the remote side to time out the connection in 12-24 minutes. This mode is the default.

--honeypot

This mode completes a connection with the attacker, but signals a normal window size, so that the remote side will attempt to send data, often with some very nasty exploit attempts. We can capture these packets for decoding and further analysis. The module does not send any data, so if the remote expects an application level response, the game is up.

--reset

This mode is handy because we can send an inline RST (reset). It has no other function.

To tarpit connections to TCP port 80 destined for the current machine:

-A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j TARPIT

To significantly slow down Code Red/Nimda-style scans of unused address space, forward unused ip addresses to a Linux box not acting as a router (e.g. "ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 ip.of.linux.box" on a Cisco), enable IP forwarding on the Linux box, and add:

-A FORWARD -p tcp -j TARPIT

-A FORWARD -j DROP

NOTE: If you use the conntrack module while you are using TARPIT, you should also use unset tracking on the packet, or the kernel will unnecessarily allocate resources for each TARPITted connection. To TARPIT incoming connections to the standard IRC port while using conntrack, you could:

-t raw -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 6667 -j CT --notrack

-A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6667 -j NFLOG

-A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6667 -j TARPIT

Matches¶

condition¶

This matches if a specific condition variable is (un)set.

[!] --condition name

Match on boolean value stored in /proc/net/nf_condition/name.

dhcpmac¶

--mac aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff[/mask]

Matches the DHCP "Client Host" address (a MAC address) in a DHCP message. mask specifies the prefix length of the initial portion to match.

fuzzy¶

This module matches a rate limit based on a fuzzy logic controller (FLC).

--lower-limit number

Specifies the lower limit, in packets per second.

--upper-limit number

Specifies the upper limit, also in packets per second.

geoip¶

Match a packet by its source or destination country.

[!] --src-cc, --source-country country[, country...]

Match packet coming from (one of) the specified country(ies)

[!] --dst-cc, --destination-country country[,country...]

Match packet going to (one of) the specified country(ies)

NOTE:

The country is inputed by its ISO-3166 code.

The extra files you will need is the binary database files. They are generated from a country-subnet database with the geoip_build_db.pl tool that is shipped with the source package, and which should be available in compiled packages in /usr/lib(exec)/xtables-addons/. The first command retrieves CSV files from MaxMind, while the other two build packed bisectable range files: mkdir -p /usr/share/xt_geoip; cd /tmp; $path/to/xt_geoip_dl; $path/to/xt_geoip_build -D /usr/share/xt_geoip GeoIP*.csv; The shared library is hardcoded to look in these paths, so use them.

gradm¶

This module matches packets based on grsecurity RBAC status.

[!] --enabled

Matches packets if grsecurity RBAC is enabled.

[!] --disabled

Matches packets if grsecurity RBAC is disabled.

iface¶

Allows you to check interface states. First, an interface needs to be selected for comparison. Exactly one option of the following three must be specified:

--iface name

Check the states on the given interface.

--dev-in

Check the states on the interface on which the packet came in. If the input device is not set, because for example you are using -m iface in the OUTPUT chain, this submatch returns false.

--dev-out

Check the states on the interface on which the packet will go out. If the output device is not set, because for example you are using -m iface in the INPUT chain, this submatch returns false.

Following that, one can select the interface properties to check for:

[!] --up, [!] --down

Check the UP flag.

[!] --broadcast

Check the BROADCAST flag.

[!] --loopback

Check the LOOPBACK flag.

[!] --pointtopoint

Check the POINTTOPOINT flag.

[!] --running

Check the RUNNING flag. Do NOT rely on it!

[!] --noarp, [!] --arp

Check the NOARP flag.

[!] --promisc

Check the PROMISC flag.

[!] --multicast

Check the MULTICAST flag.

[!] --dynamic

Check the DYNAMIC flag.

[!] --lower-up

Check the LOWER_UP flag.

[!] --dormant

Check the DORMANT flag.

ipp2p¶

This module matches certain packets in P2P flows. It is not designed to match all packets belonging to a P2P connection — use IPP2P together with CONNMARK for this purpose. Use it together with -p tcp or -p udp to search these protocols only or without -p switch to search packets of both protocols. IPP2P provides the following options, of which one or more may be specified on the command line:

--edk

Matches as many eDonkey/eMule packets as possible.

--kazaa

Matches as many KaZaA packets as possible.

--gnu

Matches as many Gnutella packets as possible.

--dc

Matches as many Direct Connect packets as possible.

--bit

Matches BitTorrent packets.

--apple

Matches AppleJuice packets.

--soul

Matches some SoulSeek packets. Considered as beta, use careful!

--winmx

Matches some WinMX packets. Considered as beta, use careful!

--ares

Matches Ares and AresLite packets. Use together with -j DROP only.

--debug

Prints some information about each hit into kernel logfile. May produce huge logfiles so beware!

Note that ipp2p may not (and often, does not) identify all packets that are exchanged as a result of running filesharing programs. There is more information on http://ipp2p.org/ , but it has not been updated since September 2006, and the syntax there is different from the ipp2p.c provided in Xtables-addons; most importantly, the --ipp2p flag was removed due to its ambiguity to match "all known" protocols.

ipv4options¶

The "ipv4options" module allows to match against a set of IPv4 header options.

--flags [!]symbol[,[!]symbol...]

Specify the options that shall appear or not appear in the header. Each symbol specification is delimited by a comma, and a '!' can be prefixed to a symbol to negate its presence. Symbols are either the name of an IPv4 option or its number. See examples below.

--any

By default, all of the flags specified must be present/absent, that is, they form an AND condition. Use the --any flag instead to use an OR condition where only at least one symbol spec must be true.

Known symbol names (and their number): 1 — nop 2 — security — RFC 1108 3 — lsrr — Loose Source Routing, RFC 791 4 — timestamp — RFC 781, 791 7 — record-route — RFC 791 9 — ssrr — Strict Source Routing, RFC 791 11 — mtu-probe — RFC 1063 12 — mtu-reply — RFC 1063 18 — traceroute — RFC 1393 20 — router-alert — RFC 2113 Examples: Match packets that have both Timestamp and NOP: -m ipv4options --flags nop,timestamp ~ that have either of Timestamp or NOP, or both: --flags nop,timestamp --any ~ that have Timestamp and no NOP: --flags '!nop,timestamp' ~ that have either no NOP or a timestamp (or both conditions): --flags '!nop,timestamp' --any

length2¶

This module matches the length of a packet against a specific value or range of values.

[!] --length length[:length]

Match exact length or length range.

--layer3

Match the layer3 frame size (e.g. IPv4/v6 header plus payload).

--layer4

Match the layer4 frame size (e.g. TCP/UDP header plus payload).

--layer5

Match the layer5 frame size (e.g. TCP/UDP payload, often called layer7).

If no --layer* option is given, --layer3 is assumed by default. Note that using --layer5 may not match a packet if it is not one of the recognized types (currently TCP, UDP, UDPLite, ICMP, AH and ESP) or which has no 5th layer.

lscan¶

Detects simple low-level scan attempts based upon the packet's contents. (This is different from other implementations, which also try to match the rate of new connections.) Note that an attempt is only discovered after it has been carried out, but this information can be used in conjunction with other rules to block the remote host's future connections. So this match module will match on the (probably) last packet the remote side will send to your machine.

--stealth

Match if the packet did not belong to any known TCP connection (Stealth/FIN/XMAS/NULL scan).

--synscan

Match if the connection was a TCP half-open discovery (SYN scan), i.e. the connection was torn down after the 2nd packet in the 3-way handshake.

--cnscan

Match if the connection was a TCP full open discovery (connect scan), i.e. the connection was torn down after completion of the 3-way handshake.

--grscan

Match if data in the connection only flew in the direction of the remote side, e.g. if the connection was terminated after a locally running daemon sent its identification. (E.g. openssh, smtp, ftpd.) This may falsely trigger on warranted single-direction data flows, usually bulk data transfers such as FTP DATA connections or IRC DCC. Grab Scan Detection should only be used on ports where a protocol runs that is guaranteed to do a bidirectional exchange of bytes.

NOTE: Some clients (Windows XP for example) may do what looks like a SYN scan, so be advised to carefully use xt_lscan in conjunction with blocking rules, as it may lock out your very own internal network.

psd¶

Attempt to detect TCP and UDP port scans. This match was derived from Solar Designer's scanlogd.

--psd-weight-threshold threshold

Total weight of the latest TCP/UDP packets with different destination ports coming from the same host to be treated as port scan sequence.

--psd-delay-threshold delay

Delay (in hundredths of second) for the packets with different destination ports coming from the same host to be treated as possible port scan subsequence.

--psd-lo-ports-weight weight

Weight of the packet with privileged (<=1024) destination port.

--psd-hi-ports-weight weight

Weight of the packet with non-priviliged destination port.

quota2¶

The "quota2" implements a named counter which can be increased or decreased on a per-match basis. Available modes are packet counting or byte counting. The value of the counter can be read and reset through procfs, thereby making this match a minimalist accounting tool. When counting down from the initial quota, the counter will stop at 0 and the match will return false, just like the original "quota" match. In growing (upcounting) mode, it will always return true.

--grow

Count upwards instead of downwards.

--no-change

Makes it so the counter or quota amount is never changed by packets matching this rule. This is only really useful in "quota" mode, as it will allow you to use complex prerouting rules in association with the quota system, without counting a packet twice.

--name name

Assign the counter a specific name. This option must be present, as an empty name is not allowed. Names starting with a dot or names containing a slash are prohibited.

[!] --quota iq

Specify the initial quota for this counter. If the counter already exists, it is not reset. An "!" may be used to invert the result of the match. The negation has no effect when --grow is used.

--packets

Count packets instead of bytes that passed the quota2 match.

Because counters in quota2 can be shared, you can combine them for various purposes, for example, a bytebucket filter that only lets as much traffic go out as has come in: -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6881 -m quota --name bt --grow; -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 6881 -m quota --name bt;

pknock¶

Pknock match implements so-called "port knocking", a stealthy system for network authentication: a client sends packets to selected ports in a specific sequence (= simple mode, see example 1 below), or a HMAC payload to a single port (= complex mode, see example 2 below), to a target machine that has pknock rule(s) installed. The target machine then decides whether to unblock or block (again) the pknock-protected port(s). This can be used, for instance, to avoid brute force attacks on ssh or ftp services. Example prerequisites:

modprobe cn

modprobe xt_pknock

Example 1 (TCP mode, manual closing of opened port not possible):

iptables -P INPUT DROP

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m pknock --knockports 4002,4001,4004 --strict --name SSH --time 10 --autoclose 60 --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

The rule will allow tcp port 22 for the attempting IP address after the successful reception of TCP SYN packets to ports 4002, 4001 and 4004, in this order (a.k.a. port-knocking). Port numbers in the connect sequence must follow the exact specification, no other ports may be "knocked" inbetween. The rule is named ' SSH' — a file of the same name for tracking port knocking states will be created in /proc/net/xt_pknock . Successive port knocks must occur with delay of at most 10 seconds. Port 22 (from the example) will be automatiaclly dropped after 60 minutes after it was previously allowed. Example 2 (UDP mode — non-replayable and non-spoofable, manual closing of opened port possible, secure, also called "SPA" = Secure Port Authorization):

iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m pknock --knockports 4000 --name FTP --opensecret foo --closesecret bar --autoclose 240 -j DROP

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m pknock --checkip --name FTP --dport 21 -j ACCEPT

The first rule will create an "ALLOWED" record in /proc/net/xt_pknock/FTP after the successful reception of an UDP packet to port 4000. The packet payload must be constructed as a HMAC256 using "foo" as a key. The HMAC content is the particular client's IP address as a 32-bit network byteorder quantity, plus the number of minutes since the Unix epoch, also as a 32-bit value. (This is known as Simple Packet Authorization, also called "SPA".) In such case, any subsequent attempt to connect to port 21 from the client's IP address will cause such packets to be accepted in the second rule. Similarly, upon reception of an UDP packet constructed the same way, but with the key "bar", the first rule will remove a previously installed "ALLOWED" state record from /proc/net/xt_pknock/FTP, which means that the second rule will stop matching for subsequent connection attempts to port 21. In case no close-secret packet is received within 4 hours, the first rule will remove "ALLOWED" record from /proc/net/xt_pknock/FTP itself. Things worth noting: General: Specifying --autoclose 0 means that no automatic close will be performed at all. xt_pknock is capable of sending information about successful matches via a netlink socket to userspace, should you need to implement your own way of receiving and handling portknock notifications. Be sure to read the documentation in the doc/pknock/ directory, or visit the original site — http://portknocko.berlios.de/ . TCP mode: This mode is not immune against eavesdropping, spoofing and replaying of the port knock sequence by someone else (but its use may still be sufficient for scenarios where these factors are not necessarily this important, such as bare shielding of the SSH port from brute-force attacks). However, if you need these features, you should use UDP mode. It is always wise to specify three or more ports that are not monotonically increasing or decreasing with a small stepsize (e.g. 1024,1025,1026) to avoid accidentally triggering the rule by a portscan. Specifying the inter-knock timeout with --time is mandatory in TCP mode, to avoid permanent denial of services by clogging up the peer knock-state tracking table that xt_pknock internally keeps, should there be a DDoS on the first-in-row knock port from more hostile IP addresses than what the actual size of this table is (defaults to 16, can be changed via the "peer_hasht_ents" module parameter). It is also wise to use as short a time as possible (1 second) for --time for this very reason. You may also consider increasing the size of the peer knock-state tracking table. Using --strict also helps, as it requires the knock sequence to be exact. This means that if the hostile client sends more knocks to the same port, xt_pknock will mark such attempt as failed knock sequence and will forget it immediately. To completely thwart this kind of DDoS, knock-ports would need to have an additional rate-limit protection. Or you may consider using UDP mode. UDP mode: This mode is immune against eavesdropping, replaying and spoofing attacks. It is also immune against DDoS attack on the knockport. For this mode to work, the clock difference on the client and on the server must be below 1 minute. Synchronizing time on both ends by means of NTP or rdate is strongly suggested. There is a rate limiter built into xt_pknock which blocks any subsequent open attempt in UDP mode should the request arrive within less than one minute since the first successful open. This is intentional; it thwarts eventual spoofing attacks. Because the payload value of an UDP knock packet is influenced by client's IP address, UDP mode cannot be used across NAT. For sending UDP "SPA" packets, you may use either knock.sh or knock-orig.sh. These may be found in doc/pknock/util.

See also¶

iptables(8), ip6tables(8), iptables-extensions(8), iptaccount(8) For developers, the book "Writing Netfilter modules" at http://inai.de/documents/Netfilter_Modules.pdf provides detailed information on how to write such modules/extensions.