NAME¶

flashrom - detect, read, write, verify and erase flash chips

SYNOPSIS¶

flashrom [-n] [-V] [-f] [-h|-R|-L|-z|-E|-r <file>|-w <file>| -v <file>]
[ -c <chipname>] [-l <file>]
[ -i <image>] [-p <programmername>[:<parameters>]]

DESCRIPTION¶

flashrom is a utility for detecting, reading, writing, verifying and erasing flash chips. It's often used to flash BIOS/EFI/coreboot/firmware images in-system using a supported mainboard. However, it also supports various external PCI/USB/parallel-port/serial-port based devices which can program flash chips, including some network cards (NICs), SATA/IDE controller cards, graphics cards, the Bus Pirate device, various FTDI FT2232/FT4232H based USB devices, and more. It supports a wide range of DIP32, PLCC32, DIP8, SO8/SOIC8, TSOP32, TSOP40, TSOP48, and BGA chips, which use various protocols such as LPC, FWH, parallel flash, or SPI.

OPTIONS¶

IMPORTANT: Please note that the command line interface for flashrom will change before flashrom 1.0. Do not use flashrom in scripts or other automated tools without checking that your flashrom version won't interpret options in a different way. You can specify one of -h, -R, -L, -z, -E, -r, -w, -v or no operation. If no operation is specified, flashrom will only probe for flash chips. It is recommended that if you try flashrom the first time on a system, you run it in probe-only mode and check the output. Also you are advised to make a backup of your current ROM contents with -r before you try to write a new image.

-r, --read <file>

Read flash ROM contents and save them into the given <file>. If the file already exists, it will be overwritten.

-w, --write <file>

Write <file> into flash ROM. This will first automatically erase the chip, then write to it.

 

In the process the chip is also read several times. First an in-memory backup is made for disaster recovery and to be able to skip regions that are already equal to the image file. This copy is updated along with the write operation. In case of erase errors it is even re-read completely. After writing has finished and if verification is enabled, the whole flash chip is read out and compared with the input image.

-n, --noverify

Skip the automatic verification of flash ROM contents after writing. Using this option is not recommended, you should only use it if you know what you are doing and if you feel that the time for verification takes too long.

 

Typical usage is: flashrom -n -w <file>

 

This option is only useful in combination with --write.

-v, --verify <file>

Verify the flash ROM contents against the given <file>.

-E, --erase

Erase the flash ROM chip.

-V, --verbose

More verbose output. This option can be supplied multiple times (max. 3 times, i.e. -VVV) for even more debug output.

-c, --chip <chipname>

Probe only for the specified flash ROM chip. This option takes the chip name as printed by flashrom -L without the vendor name as parameter. Please note that the chip name is case sensitive.

-f, --force

Force one or more of the following actions:

 

* Force chip read and pretend the chip is there.

 

* Force chip access even if the chip is bigger than the maximum supported size for the flash bus.

 

* Force erase even if erase is known bad.

 

* Force write even if write is known bad.

-l, --layout <file>

Read ROM layout from <file>.

 

flashrom supports ROM layouts. This allows you to flash certain parts of the flash chip only. A ROM layout file looks like follows:

 

00000000:00008fff gfxrom
00009000:0003ffff normal
00040000:0007ffff fallback

 

i.e.:
startaddr:endaddr name

 

All addresses are offsets within the file, not absolute addresses! If you only want to update the normal image in a ROM you can say:

 

flashrom --layout rom.layout --image normal -w agami_aruma.rom

 

To update normal and fallback but leave the VGA BIOS alone, say:

 

flashrom -l rom.layout -i normal

 

-i fallback -w agami_aruma.rom

 

Currently overlapping sections are not supported.

-i, --image <name>

Only flash image <name> from flash layout.

-L, --list-supported

List the flash chips, chipsets, mainboards, and external programmers (including PCI, USB, parallel port, and serial port based devices) supported by flashrom.

 

There are many unlisted boards which will work out of the box, without special support in flashrom. Please let us know if you can verify that other boards work or do not work out of the box.

 

IMPORTANT: For verification you have to test an ERASE and/or WRITE operation, so make sure you only do that if you have proper means to recover from failure!

-z, --list-supported-wiki

Same as --list-supported, but outputs the supported hardware in MediaWiki syntax, so that it can be easily pasted into the wiki page at http://www.flashrom.org/. Please note that MediaWiki output is not compiled in by default.

-p, --programmer <name>[:parameter[,parameter[,parameter]]]

Specify the programmer device. Currently supported are:

 

* internal (default, for in-system flashing in the mainboard)

 

* dummy (virtual programmer for testing flashrom)

 

* nic3com (for flash ROMs on 3COM network cards)

 

* nicrealtek (for flash ROMs on Realtek network cards)

 

* nicsmc1211 (for flash ROMs on RTL8139-compatible SMC2 network cards)

 

* nicnatsemi (for flash ROMs on National Semiconductor DP838* network cards)

 

* nicintel (for parallel flash ROMs on Intel 10/100Mbit network cards)

 

* gfxnvidia (for flash ROMs on NVIDIA graphics cards)

 

* drkaiser (for flash ROMs on Dr. Kaiser PC-Waechter PCI cards)

 

* satasii (for flash ROMs on Silicon Image SATA/IDE controllers)

 

* satamv (for flash ROMs on Marvell SATA controllers)

 

* atahpt (for flash ROMs on Highpoint ATA/RAID controllers)

 

* ft2232_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to an FT2232/FT4232H family based USB SPI programmer), including the DLP Design DLP-USB1232H, FTDI FT2232H Mini-Module, FTDI FT4232H Mini-Module, openbiosprog-spi, Amontec JTAGkey/JTAGkey-tiny/JTAGkey-2, Dangerous Prototypes Bus Blaster, Olimex ARM-USB-TINY/-H, Olimex ARM-USB-OCD/-H, TIAO/DIYGADGET USB Multi-Protocol Adapter (TUMPA), and GOEPEL PicoTAP.

 

* serprog (for flash ROMs attached to a programmer speaking serprog), including AVR flasher by Urja Rannikko, AVR flasher by eightdot, Arduino Mega flasher by fritz, InSystemFlasher by Juhana Helovuo, and atmegaXXu2-flasher by Stefan Tauner.

 

* buspirate_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a Bus Pirate)

 

* dediprog (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a Dediprog SF100)

 

* rayer_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a RayeR parport or Xilinx DLC5 compatible cable)

 

* pony_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a SI-Prog serial port bitbanging adapter)

 

* nicintel_spi (for SPI flash ROMs on Intel Gigabit network cards)

 

* ogp_spi (for SPI flash ROMs on Open Graphics Project graphics card)

 

* linux_spi (for SPI flash ROMs accessible via /dev/spidevX.Y on Linux)

 

Some programmers have optional or mandatory parameters which are described in detail in the PROGRAMMER SPECIFIC INFO section. Support for some programmers can be disabled at compile time. flashrom -h lists all supported programmers.

-h, --help

Show a help text and exit.

-R, --version

Show version information and exit.

PROGRAMMER SPECIFIC INFO¶

Some programmer drivers accept further parameters to set programmer-specific parameters. These parameters are separated from the programmer name by a colon. While some programmers take arguments at fixed positions, other programmers use a key/value interface in which the key and value is separated by an equal sign and different pairs are separated by a comma or a colon.

internal programmer¶

Board Enables

 

Some mainboards require to run mainboard specific code to enable flash erase and write support (and probe support on old systems with parallel flash). The mainboard brand and model (if it requires specific code) is usually autodetected using one of the following mechanisms: If your system is running coreboot, the mainboard type is determined from the coreboot table. Otherwise, the mainboard is detected by examining the onboard PCI devices and possibly DMI info. If PCI and DMI do not contain information to uniquely identify the mainboard (which is the exception), or if you want to override the detected mainboard model, you can specify the mainboard using the

 

flashrom -p internal:mainboard=[<vendor>:]<board> syntax.

 

See the 'Known boards' or 'Known laptops' section in the output of 'flashrom -L' for a list of boards which require the specification of the board name, if no coreboot table is found.

 

Some of these board-specific flash enabling functions (called board enables) in flashrom have not yet been tested. If your mainboard is detected needing an untested board enable function, a warning message is printed and the board enable is not executed, because a wrong board enable function might cause the system to behave erratically, as board enable functions touch the low-level internals of a mainboard. Not executing a board enable function (if one is needed) might cause detection or erasing failure. If your board protects only part of the flash (commonly the top end, called boot block), flashrom might encounter an error only after erasing the unprotected part, so running without the board-enable function might be dangerous for erase and write (which includes erase).

 

The suggested procedure for a mainboard with untested board specific code is to first try to probe the ROM (just invoke flashrom and check that it detects your flash chip type) without running the board enable code (i.e. without any parameters). If it finds your chip, fine. Otherwise, retry probing your chip with the board-enable code running, using

 

flashrom -p internal:boardenable=force

 

If your chip is still not detected, the board enable code seems to be broken or the flash chip unsupported. Otherwise, make a backup of your current ROM contents (using -r) and store it to a medium outside of your computer, like a USB drive or a network share. If you needed to run the board enable code already for probing, use it for reading too. Now you can try to write the new image. You should enable the board enable code in any case now, as it has been written because it is known that writing/erasing without the board enable is going to fail. In any case (success or failure), please report to the flashrom mailing list, see below.

 

Coreboot

 

On systems running coreboot, flashrom checks whether the desired image matches your mainboard. This needs some special board ID to be present in the image. If flashrom detects that the image you want to write and the current board do not match, it will refuse to write the image unless you specify

 

flashrom -p internal:boardmismatch=force

ITE IT87 Super I/O

 

If your mainboard uses an ITE IT87 series Super I/O for LPC<->SPI flash bus translation, flashrom should autodetect that configuration. If you want to set the I/O base port of the IT87 series SPI controller manually instead of using the value provided by the BIOS, use the

 

flashrom -p internal:it87spiport=portnum

 

syntax where portnum is the I/O port number (must be a multiple of 8). In the unlikely case flashrom doesn't detect an active IT87 LPC<->SPI bridge, please send a bug report so we can diagnose the problem.

 

Intel chipsets

 

If you have an Intel chipset with an ICH8 or later southbridge with SPI flash attached, and if a valid descriptor was written to it (e.g. by the vendor), the chipset provides an alternative way to access the flash chip(s) named Hardware Sequencing. It is much simpler than the normal access method (called Software Sequencing), but does not allow the software to choose the SPI commands to be sent. You can use the

 

flashrom -p internal:ich_spi_mode=value

 

syntax where value can be auto, swseq or hwseq. By default (or when setting ich_spi_mode=auto) the module tries to use swseq and only activates hwseq if need be (e.g. if important opcodes are inaccessible due to lockdown; or if more than one flash chip is attached). The other options (swseq, hwseq) select the respective mode (if possible).

 

ICH8 and later southbridges may also have locked address ranges of different kinds if a valid descriptor was written to it. The flash address space is then partitioned in multiple so called "Flash Regions" containing the host firmware, the ME firmware and so on respectively. The flash descriptor can also specify up to 5 so called "Protected Regions", which are freely chosen address ranges independent from the aforementioned "Flash Regions". All of them can be write and/or read protected individually. If flashrom detects such a lock it will disable write support unless the user forces it with the

 

flashrom -p internal:ich_spi_force=yes

 

syntax. If this leads to erase or write accesses to the flash it would most probably bring it into an inconsistent and unbootable state and we will not provide any support in such a case.

 

If you have an Intel chipset with an ICH6 or later southbridge and if you want to set specific IDSEL values for a non-default flash chip or an embedded controller (EC), you can use the

 

flashrom -p internal:fwh_idsel=value

 

syntax where value is the 48-bit hexadecimal raw value to be written in the IDSEL registers of the Intel southbridge. The upper 32 bits use one hex digit each per 512 kB range between 0xffc00000 and 0xffffffff, and the lower 16 bits use one hex digit each per 1024 kB range between 0xff400000 and 0xff7fffff. The rightmost hex digit corresponds with the lowest address range. All address ranges have a corresponding sister range 4 MB below with identical IDSEL settings. The default value for ICH7 is given in the example below.

 

Example: flashrom -p internal:fwh_idsel=0x001122334567

Laptops

 

Using flashrom on laptops is dangerous and may easily make your hardware unusable (see also the BUGS section). The embedded controller (EC) in these machines often interacts badly with flashing. http://www.flashrom.org/Laptops has more information. For example the EC firmware sometimes resides on the same flash chip as the host firmware. While flashrom tries to change the contents of that memory the EC might need to fetch new instructions or data from it and could stop working correctly. Probing for and reading from the chip may also irritate your EC and cause fan failure, backlight failure, sudden poweroff, and other nasty effects. flashrom will attempt to detect if it is running on a laptop and abort immediately for safety reasons if it clearly identifies the host computer as one. If you want to proceed anyway at your own risk, use

 

flashrom -p internal:laptop=force_I_want_a_brick

 

We will not help you if you force flashing on a laptop because this is a really dumb idea.

 

You have been warned.

 

Currently we rely on the chassis type encoded in the DMI/SMBIOS data to detect laptops. Some vendors did not implement those bits correctly or set them to generic and/or dummy values. flashrom will then issue a warning and bail out like above. In this case you can use

 

flashrom -p internal:laptop=this_is_not_a_laptop

 

to tell flashrom (at your own risk) that it does not running on a laptop.

dummy programmer¶

The dummy programmer operates on a buffer in memory only. It provides a safe and fast way to test various aspects of flashrom and is mainly used in development and while debugging. It is able to emulate some chips to a certain degree (basic identify/read/erase/write operations work). An optional parameter specifies the bus types it should support. For that you have to use the flashrom -p dummy:bus=[type[+type[+type]]] syntax where type can be parallel, lpc, fwh, spi in any order. If you specify bus without type, all buses will be disabled. If you do not specify bus, all buses will be enabled. Example: flashrom -p dummy:bus=lpc+fwh The dummy programmer supports flash chip emulation for automated self-tests without hardware access. If you want to emulate a flash chip, use the flashrom -p dummy:emulate=chip syntax where chip is one of the following chips (please specify only the chip name, not the vendor): * ST M25P10.RES SPI flash chip (RES, page write) * SST SST25VF040.REMS SPI flash chip (REMS, byte write) * SST SST25VF032B SPI flash chip (RDID, AAI write) * Macronix MX25L6436 SPI flash chip (RDID, SFDP) Example: flashrom -p dummy:emulate=SST25VF040.REMS

Persistent images

 

If you use flash chip emulation, flash image persistence is available as well by using the

 

flashrom -p dummy:emulate=chip,image=image.rom

 

syntax where image.rom is the file where the simulated chip contents are read on flashrom startup and where the chip contents on flashrom shutdown are written to.

 

Example: flashrom -p dummy:emulate=M25P10.RES,image=dummy.bin

SPI write chunk size

 

If you use SPI flash chip emulation for a chip which supports SPI page write with the default opcode, you can set the maximum allowed write chunk size with the

 

flashrom -p dummy:emulate=chip,spi_write_256_chunksize=size

 

syntax where size is the number of bytes (min. 1, max. 256).

 

Example:

 

flashrom -p dummy:emulate=M25P10.RES,spi_write_256_chunksize=5

SPI blacklist

 

To simulate a programmer which refuses to send certain SPI commands to the flash chip, you can specify a blacklist of SPI commands with the

 

flashrom -p dummy:spi_blacklist=commandlist

 

syntax where commandlist is a list of two-digit hexadecimal representations of SPI commands. If commandlist is e.g. 0302, flashrom will behave as if the SPI controller refuses to run command 0x03 (READ) and command 0x02 (WRITE). commandlist may be up to 512 characters (256 commands) long. Implementation note: flashrom will detect an error during command execution.

 

SPI ignorelist

 

To simulate a flash chip which ignores (doesn't support) certain SPI commands, you can specify an ignorelist of SPI commands with the

 

flashrom -p dummy:spi_ignorelist=commandlist

 

syntax where commandlist is a list of two-digit hexadecimal representations of SPI commands. If commandlist is e.g. 0302, the emulated flash chip will ignore command 0x03 (READ) and command 0x02 (WRITE). commandlist may be up to 512 characters (256 commands) long. Implementation note: flashrom won't detect an error during command execution.

 

SPI status register

 

You can specify the initial content of the chip's status register with the

 

flashrom -p dummy:spi_status=content

 

syntax where content is an 8-bit hexadecimal value.

nic3com, nicrealtek, nicsmc1211, nicnatsemi, nicintel, nicintel_spi, gfxnvidia, ogp_spi, drkaiser, satasii, satamv, and atahpt programmers¶

These programmers have an option to specify the PCI address of the card your want to use, which must be specified if more than one card supported by the selected programmer is installed in your system. The syntax is flashrom -p xxxx:pci=bb:dd.f, where xxxx is the name of the programmer bb is the PCI bus number, dd is the PCI device number, and f is the PCI function number of the desired device. Example: flashrom -p nic3com:pci=05:04.0

ft2232_spi programmer¶

An optional parameter specifies the controller type and interface/port it should support. For that you have to use the flashrom -p ft2232_spi:type=model,port=interface syntax where model can be 2232H, 4232H, jtagkey, busblaster, openmoko, arm-usb-tiny, arm-usb-tiny-h, arm-usb-ocd, arm-usb-ocd-h, tumpa, or picotap and interface can be A, or B. The default model is 4232H and the default interface is B. All models supported by the ft2232_spi driver can configure the SPI clock rate by setting a divisor. The expressible divisors are all even numbers between 2 and 2^17 (=131072) resulting in SPI clock frequencies of 6 MHz down to about 92 Hz for 12 MHz inputs. The default divisor is set to 2, but you can use another one by specifying the optional divisor parameter with the flashrom -p ft2232_spi:divisor=div syntax.

serprog programmer¶

A mandatory parameter specifies either a serial device/baud combination or an IP/port combination for communication with the programmer. In the device/baud combination, the device has to start with a slash. For serial, you have to use the flashrom -p serprog:dev=/dev/device:baud syntax and for IP, you have to use flashrom -p serprog:ip=ipaddr:port instead. More information about serprog is available in serprog-protocol.txt in the source distribution.

buspirate_spi programmer¶

A required dev parameter specifies the Bus Pirate device node and an optional spispeed parameter specifies the frequency of the SPI bus. The parameter delimiter is a comma. Syntax is flashrom -p buspirate_spi:dev=/dev/device,spispeed=frequency where frequency can be 30k, 125k, 250k, 1M, 2M, 2.6M, 4M or 8M (in Hz). The default is the maximum frequency of 8 MHz.

dediprog programmer¶

An optional voltage parameter specifies the voltage the Dediprog should use. The default unit is Volt if no unit is specified. You can use mV, milliVolt, V or Volt as unit specifier. Syntax is flashrom -p dediprog:voltage=value where value can be 0V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.5V or the equivalent in mV.

rayer_spi programmer¶

The default I/O base address used for the parallel port is 0x378 and you can use the optional iobase parameter to specify an alternate base I/O address with the flashrom -p rayer_spi:iobase=baseaddr syntax where baseaddr is base I/O port address of the parallel port, which must be a multiple of four. Make sure to not forget the "0x" prefix for hexadecimal port addresses. The default cable type is the RayeR cable. You can use the optional type parameter to specify the cable type with the flashrom -p rayer_spi:type=model syntax where model can be rayer for the RayeR cable or xilinx for the Xilinx Parallel Cable III (DLC 5). More information about the RayeR hardware is available at http://rayer.ic.cz/elektro/spipgm.htm . The schematic of the Xilinx DLC 5 was published at http://www.xilinx.com/itp/xilinx4/data/docs/pac/appendixb.html .

pony_spi programmer¶

The serial port (like /dev/ttyS0, /dev/ttyUSB0 on Linux or COM3 on windows) is specified using the mandatory dev parameter. The adapter type is selectable between SI-Prog (used for SPI devices with PonyProg 2000) or a custom made serial bitbanging programmer named "serbang". The optional type parameter accepts the values "si_prog" (default) or "serbang". Information about the SI-Prog adapter can be found at http://www.lancos.com/siprogsch.html . An example call to flashrom is flashrom -p pony_spi:dev=/dev/ttyS0,type=serbang Please note that while USB-to-serial adapters work under certain circumstances, this slows down operation considerably.

ogp_spi programmer¶

The flash ROM chip to access must be specified with the rom parameter. flashrom -p ogp_spi:rom=name Where name is either cprom or s3 for the configuration ROM and bprom or bios for the BIOS ROM. If more than one card supported by the ogp_spi programmer is installed in your system, you have to specify the PCI address of the card you want to use with the pci= parameter as explained in the nic3com section above. More information about the hardware is available at http://wiki.opengraphics.org.

linux_spi programmer¶

You have to specify the SPI controller to use with the flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidevX.Y syntax where /dev/spidevX.Y is the Linux device node for your SPI controller. Please note that the linux_spi driver only works on Linux.

EXIT STATUS¶

flashrom exits with 0 on success, 1 on most failures but with 2 if /dev/mem (/dev/xsvc on Solaris) can not be opened and with 3 if a call to mmap() fails.

REQUIREMENTS¶

flashrom needs different access permissions for different programmers. internal needs raw memory access, PCI configuration space access, raw I/O port access (x86) and MSR access (x86). nic3com, nicrealtek, nicsmc1211 and nicnatsemi need PCI configuration space read access and raw I/O port access. atahpt needs PCI configuration space access and raw I/O port access. gfxnvidia and drkaiser need PCI configuration space access and raw memory access. rayer_spi needs raw I/O port access. satasii needs PCI configuration space read access and raw memory access. satamv needs PCI configuration space read access, raw I/O port access and raw memory access. serprog needs TCP access to the network or userspace access to a serial port. buspirate_spi needs userspace access to a serial port. dediprog and ft2232_spi need access to the USB device via libusb. dummy needs no access permissions at all. internal, nic3com, nicrealtek, nicsmc1211, nicnatsemi, gfxnvidia, drkaiser, satasii, satamv and atahpt have to be run as superuser/root, and need additional raw access permission. serprog, buspirate_spi, dediprog and ft2232_spi can be run as normal user on most operating systems if appropriate device permissions are set. ogp needs PCI configuration space read access and raw memory access. On OpenBSD, you can obtain raw access permission by setting securelevel=-1 in /etc/rc.securelevel and rebooting, or rebooting into single user mode.

BUGS¶

Please report any bugs to the flashrom mailing list at <flashrom@flashrom.org> We recommend to subscribe first at http://www.flashrom.org/mailman/listinfo/flashrom Many of the developers communicate via the #flashrom IRC channel on chat.freenode.net. You are welcome to join and ask questions, send us bug and success reports there too. Please provide a way to contact you later (e.g. a mail address) and be patient if there is no immediate reaction. Also, we provide a pastebin service at http://paste.flashrom.org that is very useful when you want to share logs etc. without spamming the channel.

Laptops¶

Using flashrom on laptops is dangerous and may easily make your hardware unusable. flashrom will attempt to detect if it is running on a laptop and abort immediately for safety reasons. Please see the detailed discussion of this topic and associated flashrom options in the Laptops paragraph in the internal programmer subsection of the PROGRAMMER SPECIFIC INFO section. http://www.flashrom.org/Laptops

One-time programmable (OTP) memory and unique IDs¶

Some flash chips contain OTP memory often denoted as "security registers". They usually have a capacity in the range of some bytes to a few hundred bytes and can be used to give devices unique IDs etc. flashrom is not able to read or write these memories and may therefore not be able to duplicate a chip completely. For chip types known to include OTP memories a warning is printed when they are detected. Similar to OTP memories are unique, factory programmed, unforgeable IDs. They are not modifiable by the user at all.

LICENSE¶

flashrom is covered by the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. Some files are additionally available under the GPL (version 2, or any later version).

COPYRIGHT¶

Please see the individual files.

AUTHORS¶

Andrew Morgan Carl-Daniel Hailfinger Claus Gindhart David Borg David Hendricks Dominik Geyer Eric Biederman Giampiero Giancipoli Helge Wagner Idwer Vollering Joe Bao Joerg Fischer Joshua Roys Luc Verhaegen Li-Ta Lo Mark Marshall Markus Boas Mattias Mattsson Michael Karcher Nikolay Petukhov Patrick Georgi Peter Lemenkov Peter Stuge Reinder E.N. de Haan Ronald G. Minnich Ronald Hoogenboom Sean Nelson Stefan Reinauer Stefan Tauner Stefan Wildemann Stephan Guilloux Steven James Uwe Hermann Wang Qingpei Yinghai Lu some others, please see the flashrom svn changelog for details. All authors can be reached via email at <flashrom@flashrom.org>. This manual page was written by Uwe Hermann <uwe@hermann-uwe.de>, Carl-Daniel Hailfinger and others. It is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL (version 2 or later).